EXACT P‐VALUES FOR DISCRETE MODELS OBTAINED BY ESTIMATION AND MAXIMIZATION

In constructing exact tests from discrete data, one must deal with the possible dependence of the P‐value on nuisance parameter(s) ψ as well as the discreteness of the sample space. A classical but heavy‐handed approach is to maximize over ψ. We prove what has previously been understood informally, namely that maximization produces the unique and smallest possible P‐value subject to the ordering induced by the underlying test statistic and test validity. On the other hand, allowing for the worst case will be more attractive when the P‐value is less dependent on ψ. We investigate the extent to which estimating ψ under the null reduces this dependence. An approach somewhere between full maximization and estimation is partial maximization, with appropriate penalty, as introduced by Berger & Boos (1994, P values maximized over a confidence set for the nuisance parameter. J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 89 , 1012–1016). It is argued that estimation followed by maximization is an attractive, but computationally more demanding, alternative to partial maximization. We illustrate the ideas on a range of low‐dimensional but important examples for which the alternative methods can be investigated completely numerically.     

“地方性知识”视域与先秦诸子哲学起源——战国诸子至汉代史家的第一次研究思潮

先秦诸子哲学起源问题的第一次研究思潮,以《庄子·天下篇》《荀子·非十二子篇》《汉书·艺文志》为代表文献,是战国至汉代哲学家、思想家一种自觉的学术反思。他们的共同之处或者说突出特点在于:将先秦诸子的问题意识植根于春秋时代的文化传统与思想世界之中,在中国哲学自身的思想轨道中进行探讨,更具有学理上的“纯粹性”与“地方性”。这种“地方性知识”视域,其要义是对先秦诸子哲学起源问题进行动态的、历史的、传统的考察,展现于历史维度与时代维度之中,历史维度是指《诗》《书》《礼》《乐》传统在春秋时代经历的“重构”或“阐释”;时代维度是指这种传统成为春秋时代精神最为重要的思想资源和文化底色。在“地方性知识”视域中探讨先秦诸子哲学的起源,应注意三个问题:其一,春秋时代礼乐传统的“地方性”,是先秦诸子哲学发源的根基;其二,抉发先秦诸子哲学的思想原创性,防止陷入“格义式论证”的陷阱;其三,彰显先秦诸子哲学对人类贡献的普遍性智慧与世界性意义。     

唐前传记文学的生命价值

唐前传记文学之所以能走向永恒 ,首先由于传主本身具有生命价值 ,其次传主个体生命已融入到民族生命之中 ,对民族精神的塑造起了重要作用 ,同时传记作品具有美感效应 ,给人以生命的启迪和美的享受。     

Rehearsals in Citizenship: BBC Stop‐Motion Animation Programmes For Young Children

This paper examines new managerial discourses and practices in which the dialectic of labour is reconstructed as a series of acts of self‐understanding, self‐examination and “self‐work”, and through which the “self qua self” is constituted as the central object of management technologies. We interrogate concepts such as “excellence”, “total quality”, “performance”, “knowledge”, “play at work” and “wellness” in order to decipher the ways in which managerialism deploys what we term therapeutic habitus, and projects a new horizon of “human resourcefulness” as a store of unlimited potentialities. We invoke management’s wider historical–cultural context to situate managerialism within the framework of modernity as a cultural epoch whose main characteristic is what we term “derecognition of finitude”. It is the modern synthesis — with the “self” at the centre of its system of values — that provides the ground for current elaborations of subjectivity by managerialism. The paper examines how current vocabularies and practices in organizations use “work” to rearticulate discursively the human subject as an endless source of performativity by configuring work as the site of complex and continuous self‐expression. Management thus acquires a new discursive outline: instead of appearing as an authoritarian instance forcing upon workers a series of limitations, it now presents itself as a therapeutic formula mediating self‐expression by empowering individuals to work upon themselves to release their fully realized identity.     

Augmenting Bowen Family of Origin Work: Using the Genogram and Therapeutic Art‐based Activity

This article explores the use of creative artistic activity and metaphor to augment Bowen family of origin work. It draws on the case study of a couple engaging in premarital counselling to illustrate several ways that art making can be used to enhance Bowen systemic processes. It illustrates the value of collaborative genograms and related creative products to offer a supplementary voice for salient, verbally inexpressible content while supporting clients in externalising and processing difficult emotions with reduced reactivity.     

论改革开放前影响我国利用外资的几个因素

改革开放前我国的经济建设对外资的需求量是很大的 ,从建国后到改革开放前的 30年 ,我国利用外资工作的发展却极不平衡 ,导致这种局面的因素在于 :西方国家的经济封锁、原苏联的背信弃义行为及我国当时存在的对社会主义的误解和“大国”意识的影响等。     

影响学前儿童游戏的物理环境因素

影响学前儿童游戏的物理环境因素构成游戏活动中物的要素或条件,它主要包括玩具、游戏场地、游戏时间等因素.科学建构和调控游戏的物理环境,促进学前儿童身心发展,是学前教育工作者的重要责任.     

Social disparities in children's vocabulary in early childhood. Does pre‐school education help to close the gap?1

Children start school with differing levels of skills. Thus, children of different social origin have different probabilities of educational success right from the start of their school career. This paper analyses how the gap in language abilities of children with different social backgrounds develops from age three to five. A focus lies on the question whether pre-school education can help to close this gap. The data of the UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) show that children's score on a standardized vocabulary test strongly depends on their parents' education. These social differences remain stable or even increase slightly over the two-year period. Using fixed effect models, it is demonstrated that children of higher educated parents can improve their vocabulary more strongly than children whose parents have a lower educational level. Participation in an early education institution positively affects the vocabulary development of children with lower educated parents while there is no significant pre-school effect for children of higher educated parents. The results indicate that pre-school attendance does not lead to a catching-up process of children with lower educated parents. But without pre-school attendance, the gap between children of higher and lower educated parents widens even further.     

参数变化对PRC弯梁桥动力性能影响仿真分析

为分析参数变化对PRC弯梁桥动力性能的影响,推导了考虑预应力效应的弯梁桥单元刚度矩阵,并建立了考虑预应力效应的PRC连续箱形弯梁桥模型。采用数值仿真方法,研究了预应力、曲率半径、弯扭刚度比、约束情况、截面翘曲及车速等对PRC箱形弯梁桥自振特性的影响,研究了预应力和曲率半径对PRC箱形弯梁桥动力响应的影响。结果表明：各种参数的变化对PRC弯梁桥的动力性能均有影响,且具有一定的规律性,给出了各设计参数的合理取值范围,对PRC弯梁桥的设计具有一定的参考价值。