电子证据法律地位探析

通过对证据形式发展的推动力原因的分析,研究了电子证据的特征及其法律上的可采性,比较了电子证据与其它证据表现形式及书证和视听资料证据的差异性,提出应当用发展的眼光看待电子证据这一新的证据表现形式,与科技进步紧密结合,共同解决电子证据的相关法律问题。     

The evaluation of DNA evidence in pedigrees requiring population inference

Summary. The evaluation of nuclear DNA evidence for identification purposes is performed here taking account of the uncertainty about population parameters. Graphical models are used to detail the hypotheses being debated in a trial with the aim of obtaining a directed acyclic graph. Graphs also clarify the set of evidence that contributes to population inferences and they also describe the conditional independence structure of DNA evidence. Numerical illustrations are provided by re-examining three case-studies taken from the literature. Our calculations of the weight of evidence differ from those given by the authors of case-studies in that they reveal more conservative values.     

完善庭前民事证据交换制度的建议

举证制度关乎民事诉讼程序的公正、高效与否 ,庭前证据交换是举证制度的关键环节。针对我国现行庭前证据交换制度存在的不足与纰漏 ,结合最高人民法院公布的《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》 ,从审判实务的角度阐述了完善证据交换制度的一些设想。     

论行政证据的规制与保障功能

行政证据不同于行政诉讼证据,它是一种非讼类证据,主要用于行政执法程序中,具有重要的作用和特殊的法律地位。行政证据是规范行政权力行使的有效手段,是维护公共利益、保护相对人合法权益的重要保障。行政证据是能独立存在并起重要作用的重要证据制度。     

Predictive Bayesian Microbial Dose-Response Assessment Based on Suggested Self-Organization in Primary Illness Response: Cryptosporidium parvum

The probability of illness caused by very low doses of pathogens cannot generally be tested due to the numbers of subjects that would be needed, though such assessments of illness dose response are needed to evaluate drinking water standards. A predictive Bayesian dose-response assessment method was proposed previously to assess the unconditional probability of illness from available information and avoid the inconsistencies of confidence-based approaches. However, the method uses knowledge of the conditional dose-response form, and this form is not well established for the illness endpoint. A conditional parametric dose-response function for gastroenteric illness is proposed here based on simple numerical models of self-organized host-pathogen systems and probabilistic arguments. In the models, illnesses terminate when the host evolves by processes of natural selection to a self-organized critical value of wellness. A generalized beta-Poisson illness dose-response form emerges for the population as a whole. Use of this form is demonstrated in a predictive Bayesian dose-response assessment for cryptosporidiosis. Results suggest that a maximum allowable dose of 5.0 x 10(-7) oocysts/exposure (e.g., 2.5 x 10(-7) oocysts/L water) would correspond with the original goals of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Surface Water Treatment Rule, considering only primary illnesses resulting from Poisson-distributed pathogen counts. This estimate should be revised to account for non-Poisson distributions of Cryptosporidium parvum in drinking water and total response, considering secondary illness propagation in the population.     

Causal Reasoning from Longitudinal Data*

Abstract. This paper reviews some of the key statistical ideas that are encountered when trying to find empirical support to causal interpretations and conclusions, by applying statistical methods on experimental or observational longitudinal data. In such data, typically a collection of individuals are followed over time, then each one has registered a sequence of covariate measurements along with values of control variables that in the analysis are to be interpreted as causes, and finally the individual outcomes or responses are reported. Particular attention is given to the potentially important problem of confounding. We provide conditions under which, at least in principle, unconfounded estimation of the causal effects can be accomplished. Our approach for dealing with causal problems is entirely probabilistic, and we apply Bayesian ideas and techniques to deal with the corresponding statistical inference. In particular, we use the general framework of marked point processes for setting up the probability models, and consider posterior predictive distributions as providing the natural summary measures for assessing the causal effects. We also draw connections to relevant recent work in this area, notably to Judea Pearl's formulations based on graphical models and his calculus of so‐called do‐probabilities. Two examples illustrating different aspects of causal reasoning are discussed in detail.     

民事诉讼取证制度研究

我国民事诉讼取证制度存在对取证主体的定位有误、当事人取证权限和手段匮乏、救济和制裁措施力度不够等诸多不足。本文在借鉴国外相关制度的基础上 ,试图对我国民事诉讼取证制度进行理性构建     

举证、证明、提证辨

刑事诉讼证明论中,涉及举证、证明、提证等概念。由于对这些概念的理解不同,难以取得较一致的认识。举证,重点在举,提出、拿出;证明是证实、查明,侧重于结论;提证是收集、调取及审查核对．司法机关、当事人及其他诉讼参与人在不同诉讼环节上,在这些不同的方面职权、职责、权利、义务是不同的．简言之,可用“谁主张,谁举证”,“谁结论,谁证明”,“谁审查,谁提证”的公式来概括。明确这些概念及其区别,对于深入研究刑事诉讼证明论是必要的,对完善我国刑事诉讼结构也是有益的。     

基于可变参数优化的相关证据合成方法研究

总结了相关证据合成的理论方法,分析了已有合成方法的不足,对相关证据的相关焦元 的分布情况进行了分析,提出一种面向问题的基于可变参数的相关证据的合成方法. 方法只对 相关焦元的基本可信数进行修正,克服了对相关证据所有焦元进行修正的弱点,使修正的对象 更加合理,修正系数可用基于学习的寻优方法得到. 在相关证据的相关焦元的基本可信数未知 的情况下也可进行相关证据的合成. 计算结果表明该方法对合成的结果有明显的改进     

论行政诉讼非法证据类型

非法证据排除规则最早在美国确立并得到发展,形成一套比较完整的体系。我国对非法证据排除规则的探讨很长时期仅停留在理论阶段,2012年《刑事诉讼法》修改中采纳并确立这一证据规则,使其从理论探讨变为实践,也为行政诉讼非法证据排除规则的探讨提供了很好的借鉴。目前,行政诉讼法正处于修改时期,以现有的法律规范为基础探讨行政诉讼非法证据的类型及其判断标准显得尤为必要。