证据制度的法哲学基础

中外证据制度都是建立在一定的法哲学思想的基础之上的 ,从西方古希腊的法律思想到美国的法律现实主义 ,从我国的儒家和法家的法律思想到马克思的辩证唯物主义 ,都从世界观和方法论的角度对证据制度产生了巨大的影响。寻求真实和保障人权的结合将成为新刑事证据规则的价值取向。     

论自由心证在我国刑事诉讼中的适用

自由心证是证据评价方面的原则 ,是现代法制文明的标志之一。新中国传统法学上为何排斥自由心证 ,当前中国是否有引入自由心证的必要 ,如果引入 ,如何构建适合中国的自由心证的法律体系 ,是笔者力图阐明的论题。     

A bayesian test for a two-way contingency table using independence priors

One method of testing for independence in a two-way table is based on the Bayes factor, the ratio of the likelihoods under the independence hypothesis H and the alternative hypothesis H. The main difficulty in this approach is the specification of prior distributions on the composite hypotheses H and H. A new Bayesian test statistic is constructed by using a prior distribution on H that is concentrated about the “independence surface” H. Approximations are proposed which simplify the computation of the test statistic. The values of the Bayes factor are compared with values of statistics proposed by Gunel and Dickey (1974), Good and Crook (1987), and Spiegelhalter and Smith (1982) for a number of two-way tables. This investigation suggests a strong relationship between the new statistic and the p-value.     

Evaluation of trace evidence in the form of multivariate data

Summary.  The evaluation of measurements on characteristics of trace evidence found at a crime scene and on a suspect is an important part of forensic science. Five methods of assessment for the value of the evidence for multivariate data are described. Two are based on significance tests and three on the evaluation of likelihood ratios. The likelihood ratio which compares the probability of the measurements on the evidence assuming a common source for the crime scene and suspect evidence with the probability of the measurements on the evidence assuming different sources for the crime scene and suspect evidence is a well-documented measure of the value of the evidence. One of the likelihood ratio approaches transforms the data to a univariate projection based on the first principal component. The other two versions of the likelihood ratio for multivariate data account for correlation among the variables and for two levels of variation: that between sources and that within sources. One version assumes that between-source variability is modelled by a multivariate normal distribution; the other version models the variability with a multivariate kernel density estimate. Results are compared from the analysis of measurements on the elemental composition of glass.     

伦理知识的起源

《伦理知识的起源》是近代西方最伟大的哲学家、价值哲学奥德学派的创始人、现象学以及存在主义的鼻祖布伦塔诺最具有代表性的著作。继亚里斯多德、康德之后布伦塔诺在这部伟大的著作中不仅建构了一种打通哲学与宗教的价值体系 ,更为核心的是布伦塔诺从实践第一的观念出发为人类文化和哲学提供了一种崭新而全面的价值方法 ,在二十一世纪的今天 ,布伦塔诺的哲学将越来越成为人类哲学的一个永不枯竭的源泉     

论秘密监听证据能力

秘密监听所获得的证据资料具备证据能力的法理性.如果通话一方具有一定的合理隐私期待,则侦查机关必须在合法监听下取得的证据资料才具有证据能力;如果附带性监听所获证据资料证明的犯罪为监听令状载明的犯罪嫌疑人之外的第三人所为,只有在附带性监听所获证据资料证明的犯罪为可以监听的犯罪种类的情况下,该证据资料才具有证据能力;如果附带性监听所获证据资料证明的犯罪为完全无关第三人所为,则该证据资料不具有证据能力.     

Evaluating Weight of Evidence in the Mystery of Balkan Endemic Nephropathy

Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a chronic, progressive wasting disease of the kidneys, endemic in certain rural regions of the Balkan nations Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania. It is irreversible and ultimately fatal. Though this disease was first described in the 1950s, its causes have been a mystery and a source of much academic and clinical contention. Possible etiologic agents that have been explored include exposure to metals and metalloids, viruses and bacteria, and the dietary toxins aristolochic acid (AA) and ochratoxin A (OTA). AA is a toxin produced by weeds of the genus Aristolochia, common in Balkan wheat fields. Aristolochia seeds may intermingle with harvested grains and thus inadvertently enter human diets. OTA is a mycotoxin (fungal toxin) common in many foods, including cereal grains. In this study, we analyzed the weight of evidence for each of the suspected causes of BEN using the Bradford Hill criteria (BHC): nine conditions that determine weight of evidence for a causal relationship between an agent and a disease. Each agent postulated to cause BEN was evaluated using the nine criteria, and for each criterion was given a rating based on the strength of the association between exposure to the substance and BEN. From the overall available scientific evidence for each of these suspected risk factors, AA is the agent with the greatest weight of evidence in causing BEN. We describe other methods for testing causality from epidemiological studies, which support this conclusion of AA causing BEN.     

对"证据属性"在证据制度中基础性地位的质疑

"证据属性"是我国现有证据法领域的核心问题,但是由于其所固有的逻辑上的缺陷,体系上的僵化性以及程序功能的单一性,因此难以在司法实践中切实地发挥作用。"证据能力"体现了一种不同的证据采纳模式,即证据只有具备证据能力才能进入法庭审理阶段,成为质证的对象,证据最终是否回被采纳取决于证据的证明力。通过证据能力概念的引入,证据的采纳标准不再是一个空洞的法理学或法哲学的概念,而是一个可以通过立法得以实现的具体的程序性问题。     

电子证据立法初探

准确界定电子证据的内涵对电子证据立法具有重大意义。目前要解决电子证据证明能力的问题 ,当务之急是确立电子证据作为一种新的证据种类的法律地位。如何运用证明规则判断电子证据的证明力 ,我们可以借鉴推定规则和交叉询问规则。     

我国民事诉讼辩论原则的缺陷及其完善

辩论主义原则是民事诉讼的基本原则之一 ,也是我国辩论原则的法律依据。我国的辩论原则与真正的辩论主义原则尚有很大的距离 :程序的独立价值被否定 ,程序公正不能实现。这需要从加快立法进程和加大执法力度等方面加以完善。