论教育见习的目标取向与目标研制

我国学界近30年来对教育见习的研究不仅数量严重不足,而且有效性特别差,普遍缺乏目标责任意识。通过教育部示范项目“基于职业胜任取向的整合式师范生教育见习实习模式”的实施探索和文献研究,对于如何研制教育见习目标这一问题,提出了职业胜任取向,讨论了影响见习目标研制的八个因素,形成了基于职业胜任取向的教育见习目标样例,以期全面提高见习目标的针对性和实效性。     

完善我国缓刑制度的几点思考

我国刑法关于缓刑的立法设置仍然存在着有待进一步完善的地方:立法应当设定一个统一的适用标准来判断何谓缓刑的实质条件———不致再危害社会;公安机关仍然应当是最适宜的缓刑考察机关,不过公安机关和群众监督要相互依存、相互制约;建议增加行业人士介入到缓刑考察的过程中;对因为犯新罪而被撤销缓刑的,新罪在犯罪性质或刑罚种类上可作一些必要的限制;刑法应当肯定缓刑也能减刑。     

The Meanings of Family in Substance Users’ Change Talk During Motivational Interviewing: A Qualitative Study

Only a very small number of studies have examined the meaning of significant others in motivational interviewing (MI) sessions. The aim of this qualitative study is to provide insights into substance users’ experience of the meaning of family in the change process and to expand current understanding about the significance of family relationships in change talk during MI. The analyses are based on videotaped data consisting of 98 MI sessions in the Finnish Probation Service. The results show that family relationships are important and diverse factors that promote or hinder motivation to change in substance users’ change talk.     

Probation in Transition: A Study of the Experiences of Newly Qualified Probation Officers

This contribution to the symposium draws on material which I obtained in the process of undertaking a study of the Probation Service. The Probation Service has been in a state of transition and change for a number of years and probation officers are continuing to encounter many of the difficulties faced by other contemporary professional workers in the public services. In my study I decided to interview a sample of newly qualified probation officers with a view to investigating their experience of this changing order of things, constructing a picture of the occupation from a newcomer perspective and sdetermining what constitutes their professional identity.     

Penal and welfare conditionality: Discipline or degradation?

This paper aims to complement analyses of welfare conditionality by examining what can be learned from studies of conditional punishment in the criminal justice system. Drawing on a range of recent studies, I explore lived experiences of the conditionality attendant on penal forms of supervision; penal forms that have expanded rapidly in recent decades. I argue that, to paraphrase Stan Cohen, such supervision is as much about the dispersal of degradation as it is about the dispersal of discipline. Indeed, in contemporary western societies, both in punishment and in welfare systems, I suggest that conditionality functions less to discipline poor and marginalised people and more to disqualify them from the entitlements of ordinary citizenship. In so doing, conditionality constructs them as denizens, thus serving to limit the liabilities for the state that arise from social inequalities. Extending Delroy Fletcher and Sharon Wright's metaphor, the abusive slaps now meted out in concert by both hands of the penal state are as much about degrading and denying the entitlements of “needy” denizens as they are about influencing their conduct. But crucially, even within the increasingly restrictive context created by these developments, penal practitioners can and do provide care and assistance.     

Citizen‐agency versus state‐agency at the frontline in prisons and probation services: A systematic literature review

Street‐level bureaucrats play a key role in the delivery of public services to the citizens with whom they interact. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analyses approach, we rely on a street‐level perspective to report a systematic review of 46 studies about officer–offender interactions in prisons and probation services. In doing so, we examine how correctional officers articulate state‐agency – whereby they focus on the implementation of rules and policies – and citizen‐agency – whereby their decisions regarding offenders are based on judgements of offenders' worth. Our results provide evidence that frontline work in prisons and probation services stems from a mix of citizen‐ and state‐agencies in which the former is prioritized over the latter: when rule enforcement allows it, correctional officers often make discretionary decisions based on professional judgements rooted in professional norms. In this respect, the managerial and actuarial approach to risk management and public protection involved by contemporary correctional reforms comes with new role expectations that conflict with correctional officers' rehabilitative ideals. At the same time, the literature provides many instances of officers coping with workload in order to meet policy objectives and organizational demands while maintaining satisfactory working conditions. In other words, there is an increasingly elaborate and fragile articulation of state‐ and citizen‐agencies at the frontline, in prisons and probations services. We conclude with some implications and an agenda for future research.