Manipulating motivating operations to facilitate the emergence of mands for a child with autism

Research on the functional independence of verbal operants (Skinner, 1957) has demonstrated inconsistent findings. One explanation may be that these studies have not manipulated the motivating operation (MO) to facilitate the emergence of mands (Hall & Sundberg, 1987; Lamarre & Holland, 1985). In the current study, 1 participant, diagnosed with autism, was taught to tact high-preference and low-preference leisure items, and emergence of mands was tested under varying MO conditions. Results showed the emergence of mands following periods of arranged deprivation, and greater maintenance for a highly preferred relative to a less preferred stimulus. However, mands only emerged when presession tact trials were conducted. These results suggest that in a state of deprivation, transfer of stimulus control from discriminative to motivational conditions may occur without direct training.     

工学结合的《水泥粉磨设备操作》课程标准开发

通过深入用人单位调研,明确了职业岗位的典型工作任务和职业岗位对人才的能力素质要求,以典型工作任务为载体将课程划分成多个相互联系的学习情境,将专业能力、方法能力和社会能力的培养贯穿于各个学习情境的教学中。     

Innovating the provision of welfare services through collective action: the case of Italian social cooperatives

Social cooperatives are the most widespread social enterprise type in Italy. Their evolution has stimulated the development of diverse interpretative frameworks of social enterprise determinants: the mainstream one is that social cooperatives are the outcome of contracting out policies. Through a critical investigation of social cooperatives’ emergence, integration into public policies, and reaction to the financial crisis, the authors refocus attention to one of the key modes of creation of social enterprises that has not gained the attention it deserves: the bottom-up dynamic. The analysis carried out sheds light on the contribution of citizens’ mobilization to institutional change and confirms that social enterprises can also emerge in an unprepared and hostile ideological, economic and political context.     

政府购买居家养老服务的探索与发展——以济南市历下区为例

基于济南市历下区购买居家养老服务的实践,探讨了社区居家养老服务的时代背景,重点分析了历下区政府购买居家养老服务的运作模式,研究结果表明,在我国养老压力日益严峻的情况下,要完善政府购买居家养老服务模式,必须积极推进社区居家养老服务产业的发展;加大政策扶持力度,加强资金引导;培育社会组织,提高养老服务品质;实现政府购买居家养老服务的标准化运作,只有这样才能缓解养老压力,提高老年人生活质量,推动养老服务事业的发展。     

中国绿色证券持续改进机制运行及完善建议

中国绿色证券制度的实践主要集中在环保核查制度,对公司上市后的环保持续改进未作系统要求。为保证重污染行业上市公司各个时段环境保护工作的有力开展,绿色证券持续改进机制的建立非常紧迫。政府能否持续监督和企业能否自主提升是影响企业环保工作能否持续改进的主要因素。良好的环境质量和节能减排效果可以为企业带来更多的绿色声誉及经济效益,但需要制度保证。     

汉代封事的内容及其运作

＂章表奏议,经国之枢机＂。文书形态和运作机制的变迁,是了解中国古代政治制度成长性变革的一个重要切入点。封事是一种直达御前、＂不使人知＂的机密文书,其内容涉及外戚关系、皇帝得失、国家政治和大汉安危等社会政治生活的各个方面。与普通章奏相比,封事的传递、运转过程绕过了尚书台的拆封和审阅处理,直达皇帝,由皇帝亲自批阅,传递过程简单、直接,中间只有少数几个人员和机构参与封事的传递,略去了审阅和处理环节。     

采购拍卖下混合回收渠道的闭环供应链奖惩契约协调研究

在市场需求不确定下,应用采购拍卖和奖惩契约研究零售商和第三方混合回收的闭环供应链协调问题。针对市场中存在m个制造商、1个零售商和1个第三方回收商的情形,分析目录拍卖-双重奖惩契约机制协调供应链的影响,证明当参数满足一定条件时目录拍卖-双重奖惩契约机制能够协调闭环供应链。     

A Qualitative Study on Home Modification of Rural Caregivers for People with Dementia

Opinions about the responsibility for procuring sheltered housing in Norway have been studied among people 50 and older. Until recently, Norway offered standard public provision, where the state has been the central provider and organizer of care for the elderly. The results indicate great support for public responsibility for providing sheltered housing for the frail elderly, which is only marginally affected by background characteristics. However, older people's attitudes as to whether they would choose private housing provision are affected by income, age, and knowledge of the market, and many are uncertain. Women and low-income groups are overrepresented among those who are uncertain.     

杭州银行公会组织运营研究（1945年～1949年）

杭州银行公会是民国时期杭州地区重要的金融业同业组织之一,以维护银行业利益、推动银行业发展为基本宗旨。杭州银行公会所具有的基本原则、制度、权力分配、内部关系等各种关系和方式是发挥公会各项职能的组织保障。组织制度是在工作中形成的一套制度化的关系、结构方式和责权分配,包括会员制度、权力机构设置制度、选举制度、奖惩制度。经费是杭州银行公会开展活动的重要经济支柱。杭州银行公会采取各种方式,千方百计扩大经费来源,来加强自身的活动能力。杭州银行公会整理后,非常重视同业交流,研究行业业务,扩大行业影响,其中最具代表性的是建立杭州银行公会同人业余进修服务社和杭州银钱业联合准备会。     

制度系统的构成、层次架构与有效运作

制度也是一个由不同要素构成的系统，绝不仅仅是一些规则的集成与组合。而要对制度系统有一个较为全面的把握就要求我们从动态和静态两个方面对其加以审视，即一方面从静态上把握制度系统的构成要素和层次架构：另一方面从动态上把握制度系统是如何实现有效运作的。