“学而”记疑

《论语》开篇“学而时习”之“学”应是动词“学习”。《论语》“学”共有66处,大多作“学习”解。以“学习”解读“学而时习”,更有助于把握《论语》的主旨:人贵在学,学贵在道、在取友,取友贵在忠恕,忠恕之道贵在教,“学”是贯穿始终的主线。     

Sample size planning for phase II trials based on success probabilities for phase III

In recent years, high failure rates in phase III trials were observed. One of the main reasons is overoptimistic assumptions for the planning of phase III resulting from limited phase II information and/or unawareness of realistic success probabilities. We present an approach for planning a phase II trial in a time‐to‐event setting that considers the whole phase II/III clinical development programme. We derive stopping boundaries after phase II that minimise the number of events under side conditions for the conditional probabilities of correct go/no‐go decision after phase II as well as the conditional success probabilities for phase III. In addition, we give general recommendations for the choice of phase II sample size. Our simulations show that unconditional probabilities of go/no‐go decision as well as the unconditional success probabilities for phase III are influenced by the number of events observed in phase II. However, choosing more than 150 events in phase II seems not necessary as the impact on these probabilities then becomes quite small. We recommend considering aspects like the number of compounds in phase II and the resources available when determining the sample size. The lower the number of compounds and the lower the resources are for phase III, the higher the investment for phase II should be. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

项目群构建中的协同效应潜能素质分析与预测模型

当前,投资项目选择往往局限于单个项目之间的比较,或止于项目组合的研究,而对于企业如何同时选取多个项目组建高协同效应项目群的问题研究较为缺乏.从企业整体的角度出发,阐述项目群的协同效应并分析影响项目群协同效应的潜能素质,建立项目群协同效应评价指标体系,提出项目群协同效应素质预测模型模型,以利于企业有效构建高协同效应的项目群并成功的实施项目群管理.     

Stranger-Danger: What do Children Know?

The current practice in many schools of educating children on how to keep themselves safe from abuse and abduction tends to concentrate on teaching them about stranger-danger and how to avoid it. However, recent research suggests that children may have difficulty in understanding the stranger-danger message (Mayes, Gillies and Warden, 1990). The present study examines 6-, 8- and 10-year-old children's understanding of the concepts of ‘stranger’ and ‘danger’ by analysing their verbal responses to videotaped sequences depicting child encounters with a variety of known and unknown male adults. Results indicate that, although there is some evidence of developing wariness, children at ages 8 and even 10 years appear still to be vulnerable to approaches made by strangers. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

How context influences the ideologies and strategies of disabled people’s organisations: a case study from Cambodia

Abstract

Studies of disability movements have centred on exploring how movements have emerged and how their strategies have been devised to effectively advocate for the rights of the people with disabilities they represent. However, little attention has been focused on examining their organisational contexts and how they shape ideologies and choice of strategies, which have implications for the success of their advocacy endeavours. This article seeks to contribute to knowledge in this area by studying the case of a disabled people’s organisation in Cambodia. The resource dependency of disabled people’s organisations on international development partners results in their ideologies and strategies being driven by the latter. This has not only fragmented their resources, but also made their endeavours less relevant to the needs of people with disabilities. This may act to prevent such organisations from building a common ground for collective action, and from effectively pressing for social change.     

Evaluating the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Hong Kong Welfare Programmes in Reducing Child Poverty

This paper examines the effectiveness and efficiency of welfare programmes that are relevant to child poverty reduction in Hong Kong. We employ data from a cross‐sectional survey of a representative sample of families, conducted in 2015 through face‐to‐face interviews. Our results indicate that all four welfare programmes were inadequate in alleviating child poverty. This was either due to the deep poverty gap to be filled or high rates of exclusion error. Most programmes are also inefficient because of inclusion error. We conclude by suggesting some policy implications for the welfare programmes.     

The effects of Indonesia's ‘Midwife in the Village’ programme 10 years post-launch

Data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (1993–2000) were used to examine whether the effects of the Indonesian ‘Midwife in the Village’ programme persisted more than 10 years after its implementation. The study followed up earlier studies of the programme’s effects by estimating its effects on pregnancy outcomes, using propensity-score matching applied to data collected after the 1997 Asian economic crisis. The results indicate that only the programme’s effect on the use of prenatal care services persisted, and that the loss of village midwives during the crisis had no significant effect on pregnancy outcomes.     

污染鸡场IBD免疫程序研究

本试验选用母源抗体水平基本一致的3346只海赛克斯蛋雏鸡分别在14、17日龄用IBDV标准I型弱毒疫苗D—78和地方毒株油乳剂灭活苗进行免疫程序筛选试验,结果表明:以17日龄用IBD—D—78弱毒苗与地方毒株油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫为优良免疫程序。