地方政府在公共管理制度创新中的角色定位

地方政府作为国家机构的重要组成部分,具有着中央政府所不可替代的作用,特别是在推动公共管理制度创新的过程中,地方政府充当着重要的角色。     

“一核多元”型社区综合整治合作生产模式研究 ———以北京市 J 社区为例

老旧小区综合整治事关公众切身利益,体现国家服务效能与治理能力。 基于合作生产理论、公共价值和战略三角模 型间关系,从党建引领视角提出“一核多元”型综合整治合作生产模式。 以北京市 J 社区为例,采用张力分析工具,从使命管 理、政治管理与运营管理层面建构综合整治张力分析模型。 分析发现,党建引领的综合整治合作生产可促进社区合作生产网 络的形成与发展,这对社区治理模式创新与社区治理共同体建设具有重要意义。     

土地红利公共利益属性的现实基础与保障机制

中国土地红利是经济红利和政策红利共同缔造的特殊红利形式,彰显土地红利公共利益属性是社会公平正义的内在要求。从逻辑上分析,我国土地红利源于土地公有制基础上的一系列制度安排,城镇化和工业化、土地用途管制、土地区位优势、公共投资等因素共同推高了土地价格,奠定了土地红利公共利益属性的坚实基础。为维护土地红利的公共利益属性,国家一方面将其纳入公共财政范畴,以规范公共财政收支的方式实现土地收益“全民共享”,防止土地红利被少数人垄断。另一方面,通过完善相关制度,改进土地收益的税法体系,科学界定房地产开发相关税收的税基和税额;健全土地征收制度,确保征地的目的、程序、收益合法且符合公益;推进土地红利城乡间公平分配,协调公共利益与个人利益的关系,实现土地红利共享。     

农村公共服务供给中的公共性生产逻辑

农村公共服务供给的多主体协同是在共同体框架内进行的,农村公共服务供给共同体形成的关键在于其公共性。结构-文化-行动者的三维分析框架为农村公共服务供给共同体公共性的生产逻辑提供了解释。基于湖南湘西J村人居环境改善的案例研究发现,公权力对私权利的引导、规范纠偏与压制,科层体系下的权力控制以及集体主义优先于个人主义的道德结构是农村公共服务供给共同体公共性生产的压力来源;农村熟人社会对人情关系、公共空间对话和乡村精英的培育为该共同体公共性的生产提供了弹性空间;而个体行动者公共利益优先于个人利益的利益选择、参与型的意义建构和服务型的价值认同则促使其自主生产公共性。     

知识缺失还是知识自负？知识水平对公众食品安全信心的影响研究

通过对中国10个城市成年受访者的调查,发现公众对当前食品安全问题的感知风险水平较高,反映其对食品安全形势较担忧,且对政府食品安全管理部门存在信任危机。不过公众的感知控制力较高,普遍认为自己有保障自身食品安全的能力,因此在日常的食品消费中仍然有较高的信心。研究证实中国公众在食品安全的知识层面存在着知识自负现象,公众自我评估的主观知识水平显著高于实际拥有的客观知识水平,且真正对公众食品安全信心产生影响的是公众的主观知识水平。这说明传统缺失模型所倡导的以科普、辟谣为主要形式的致力于教育公众、提升公众客观知识水平的行动能够取得的效果可能非常有限;而公众的主观知识水平和感知控制力的提升能有效提振公众的食品安全信心。     

领导风格对员工知识隐藏行为的影响:心理安全感的中介效应和动机氛围的调节效用

企业知识隐藏行为会抑制创新与合作氛围,探究员工知识隐藏行为的诱因对企业团队氛围和价值实现具有重要意义。本研究基于社会交换理论,探索不同类型领导风格与员工知识隐藏行为之间的关系以及内在影响机制,具体包括:剖析谦卑型领导和辱虐型领导与员工知识隐藏行为之间的关系;探究员工心理安全感是否发挥中介作用;分析心理安全感与知识隐藏的关系是否受到不同类型团队动机氛围的调节影响。本研究通过对长三角地区某省的6家科技型公司共820名员工进行问卷调查,利用层次回归模型进行数据处理,结果显示:不同风格的领导行为对知识隐藏行为都产生影响,心理安全感发挥着重要的中介作用。具体而言,谦卑型领导通过心理安全感对知识隐藏行为产生负向影响,辱虐型领导通过心理安全感对知识隐藏行为产生正向影响。此外,动机氛围起到调节作用,其中绩效氛围正向调节员工心理安全感与其知识隐藏行为之间的关系,掌控氛围负向调节员工心理安全感与其知识隐藏行为之间的关系。本研究从领导力视角深化了对于员工知识隐藏行为诱因的认识,从情境视角为心理安全感和知识隐藏的关系构建了边界条件,进一步丰富了领导力、组织行为管理等理论;同时,本研究也为企业知识隐藏行为管理提供了一条清晰的解决思路。为了最大限度抑制知识隐藏行为,企业领导者需要多展示谦卑型的特质,对员工观点持开放态度,愿意吸纳和听取他人意见;要培养员工的心理安全感,让员工在知识分享中能够毫无顾忌;采用鼓励竞争的方式营造团队氛围,提升团队的绩效氛围等。未来将进一步采用多变量来源、多样化情境进行验证,将相关研究结论从中国科技型企业推广到其他研究情境中,从而提高研究结论的外部有效性。     

What's wrong with sociology? Its public image

In response to editor Stephen Cole's question—"What's wrong with sociology?"—the answer is nothing that cannot be overcome by clearer communications and better public relations. The problem is that the field is not held in high esteem by college administrators, legislators, and the public. Many see us as rebels of the 1960s, political liberals, and impractical thinkers with a penchant for jargon. Even our research is derided by some as a waste of money. The solution consists of strategies for overcoming our poor public image. Seven strategies for doing so are discussed: (1) Write clearly. (2) Write for a mass audience. (3) Seek board positions. (4) Strengthen our identity. (5) Teach sociology in high school. (6) Develop academic partnerships. (7) Emphasize outcomes: increase in tolerance and research skills.     

Priority Setting for the Distribution of Localized Hazard Protection

We address the problem of distributing safety-enhancing devices across a region, where each identical device provides for only local protection of the population. The devices protect nonidentical sectors of the population. The sectors of population are exposed to nonidentical intensities of hazard. A method for the screening and prioritizing of needs for the protective devices is described. An approach of risk-benefit-cost analysis under uncertainty is recommended as follows. Measures of hazard intensity and population exposure are identified. Exogenous parameters that influence assessments of risks, benefits, and costs are identified. Uncertainties of the exogenous parameters are propagated by interval analysis. Several tiers of the plausibility of need for protection are identified. The tiers are useful in setting priorities for the distribution of the safety devices. The method is demonstrated in an engineering application to roadway lighting, but has implications for disaster preparedness, anti-terrorism, transportation safety, and other arenas of public safety.     

Public Enterprise Reform in Fiji Islands

Reforming the public sector has been on the agenda of nations throughout the world since the late 1970s. Fiji is no exception. It has embarked on reforming its commercial and industrial enterprises since the late 1980s. The government of Fiji has reformed most of its enterprises with an avowed objective of enhancing profitability, productivity, efficiency and accountability. This paper makes an attempt to share some of the experiences of public enterprise reform process in Fiji. It aims to analyze the background, process, contents and impact of the reform and examine the factors impeding the reform program. It highlights that (a) both internal and external factors were responsible for introducing reforms; (b) the reform efforts have not been able to produce desired results; (c) the structural inadequacies in institutions and organizations have created bottlenecks in the reform process; and (d) uncertainty in the political sphere has contributed further to policy shifts.     

Making Sense of Organizations in Public Management: A Back-to-Basics Approach

This article addresses some basic facts and ideas about organizations as a way of concluding the symposium. It identifies different types of organizations in terms of their legal-structural characteristics, and considers aspects of their legal power, ownership, financing, staffing, and outsourcing. It ends with some suggestions for further related research on organizations.