“条块治理”:军民融合发展中的地方政府

地方政府是区域军民融合治理的主体。聚焦地方政府,从组织特征、组织环境和利益目标3个方面建立一个框架,分析地方政府如何影响区域军民融合发展,提出地方政府存在3个利益目标:提升区域经济,争取中央转移支付和承接军事需求在区域层面的落地实施。在“多头+层级”的军民融合治理体系下,各个参与主体在军民融合的“模糊共识”下集体行动,利益多元,并与地方政府的利益目标存在冲突,造成区域军民融合治理的一系列问题:地方政府治理负荷沉重、省级军民融合领导机构协调功能受限、“诸侯经济”下重复建设和“隐性”抵触并存,军事需求与区域军民融合发展对接不足。认为:一是要建设省级军民融合领导机构与中央军委以及军工央企的工作协商对接机制;二是建立决策权与事权相分离的政府内部政策过程机制;三是建立跨区域协调机制,在区域军民融合发展中有效嵌入军事需求;四是建立军民融合发展项目申报制度和临时跨部门工作小组。     

Powerline Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields: A Pilot Study of Risk Perception

The perception of the potential risk arising from human exposure to 50/60 Hz electric and magnetic fields was studied with a quasi-random sample of 116 well-educated, opinion leaders using the risk perception framework previously developed by Slovic, Fischhoff, and Lichtenstein. These individuals rated exposure to fields from transmission lines and electric blankets on a variety of scales that have been found useful in characterizing people's risk attitudes and perceptions. These judgments allowed us to conjecture about the likely desire for regulation of these potential hazards and the likely response to a publicized problem (e.g., an accident or ominous research finding) involving these two sources of exposure. Various forms of detailed information about 50/60 Hz fields were supplied to respondents. The provision of information produced modest, but statistically significant, changes in perceptions in the direction of greater concern about the risks. In response to questions of public policy, participants desired modest regulatory control of field exposure from transmission lines and little or no control of field exposure from appliances like electric blankets.     

"全球化"语境中的中国文学问题

中国文学走向世界,必须从既往的历史积淀中反求诸己.过去我们没有把全世界读者看作是"服务对象".对外国平民百姓来说,并不都是因为意识形态不同而拒斥中国文学,主要还在于我们的作品所描写的内容和题材,是否具有更广泛的全人类性,是否能让他们通过观赏文艺达到一种相互了解和心灵沟通.当前文学失序的状态和创作群体的多极化、多元化,是这种大视野的"全民文艺"观的明证.也是文学大获发展的一个非常好的契机.文学批评的政治标准可以简化为一种法律,如作家所写的题材和内容不违法,艺术性就上升到衡量该作品标准的第一位了.我们要求文艺作品的最高境界,是思想与艺术、内容与形式的完美结合.当这种最高标准难以达到时,一种急功近利的捷径,常常代替艺术创造的艰苦努力.今天有些作品"思想大于形象",主题设置模式化、概念化,迷信"题材决定"论,重思想型写作而轻艺术型写作,都可能与受"政治标准第一"的曲解和误导有关.     

John A. Buzacott and His Pioneering Contributions to Manufacturing and Service Systems

John A. Buzacott is a pioneering and premier contributor to the field of production and operations management. He has been a principal architect of the development of a unified framework and a rigorous engineering foundation for many of the major approaches currently used in the design, planning, and control of manufacturing and service systems. His innovative use of stochastic models to explain many phenomena occurring in manufacturing and service organizations has distinguished him not only as a great researcher but also as a great teacher. His contributions have inspired scholars throughout the world. We provide an overview of John's research works and accomplishments.     

Concise or comprehensive? Predictors of impact assessment choices for electric transmission line projects

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures required in the United States and many other countries are often highlighted as a major hindrance to timely and efficient deployment of critical infrastructure projects. Under the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act, a more extensive environmental impact statement (EIS) review can take several more years and cost much more than a succinct environmental assessment (EA). This not only affects the project in question, but also likely informs how—or whether—additional projects are pursued. Thus, understanding key predictors of the EA versus EIS choice sheds light on supply-side considerations affecting infrastructure deficits. Using the case of NEPA reviews conducted for 244 transmission line projects between 2005 and 2018 by two U.S. federal agencies in the western United States, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and Department of Energy (DOE), this addresses the following question: What project features most predict whether EA or an EIS is used to assess a transmission line project? Drawing upon NEPA assessment guidance and agency NEPA records, we use a regression classification tree to analyze how protocols and project attributes relate to assessment choice. The result is essentially a null finding: transmission line length is by far the most important predictor of whether a project receives an extensive EIS or a shorter EA, with little predictive value provided by other attributes. While absolute project size undoubtedly influences impacts, the lack of further differentiation in what predicts use of EISs versus EAs suggests assessment does not simply respond to project details but also shapes proposal and design choices beforehand.     

关于二次曲线的两种定义的注记

对于二次曲线,射影几何学有两种定义方式--代数式定义和射影式定义,本文旨在纠正某些文献在利用二 次曲线的定义讨论二次曲线性质时,所出现的逻辑错误,并给出两种定义等价性的一个简洁证明。     

完善社会保障制度的财政思考

文章分析了建立社会保障制度,即建立基本养老保险制度、失业保险制度、城市居民最低生活保障制度及下岗职工基本生活保障和再就业制度的过程中存在的问题,指出这些问题会造成财政资金的浪费和对财政的压力,认为应该从加强内部管理,强化财政监督着手,达到完善社会保障制度、减少资金浪费的目的。     

基于治理视角的生态保护红线、生态补偿与农户生计困境

生态保护红线是保护区域生态功能、保障国家生态安全和促进可持续发展的重要制度安排。但生态保护与经济发展的短期冲突、生态红线区生态空间与农户生活空间的重叠、生态脆弱与贫困的交织等问题对生态红线的划定与落地提出了挑战。基于此，笔者以重庆市生态保护红线管控面积占区域总面积较大的城口县和酉阳县为例，分析现行生态红线区生态政策对农户生计的影响，以及生态补偿对这种冲突的缓解作用。研究发现：（1）现行生态红线区的生态政策确实对区域经济发展、农户生计造成了影响，使农户感觉到利益被"剥夺"，降低了生态权益的获得感；（2）市场化、多元化的生态补偿机制是有效改善红线区农户生计现状的重要手段，并据此提出相应的政府治理建议。     

A Comparison of Analysis of Covariate-Adjusted Residuals and Analysis of Covariance

Various methods to control the influence of a covariate on a response variable are compared. These methods are ANOVA with or without homogeneity of variances (HOV) of errors and Kruskal–Wallis (K–W) tests on (covariate-adjusted) residuals and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Covariate-adjusted residuals are obtained from the overall regression line fit to the entire data set ignoring the treatment levels or factors. It is demonstrated that the methods on covariate-adjusted residuals are only appropriate when the regression lines are parallel and covariate means are equal for all treatments. Empirical size and power performance of the methods are compared by extensive Monte Carlo simulations. We manipulated the conditions such as assumptions of normality and HOV, sample size, and clustering of the covariates. The parametric methods on residuals and ANCOVA exhibited similar size and power when error terms have symmetric distributions with variances having the same functional form for each treatment, and covariates have uniform distributions within the same interval for each treatment. In such cases, parametric tests have higher power compared to the K–W test on residuals. When error terms have asymmetric distributions or have variances that are heterogeneous with different functional forms for each treatment, the tests are liberal with K–W test having higher power than others. The methods on covariate-adjusted residuals are severely affected by the clustering of the covariates relative to the treatment factors when covariate means are very different for treatments. For data clusters, ANCOVA method exhibits the appropriate level. However, such a clustering might suggest dependence between the covariates and the treatment factors, so makes ANCOVA less reliable as well.     

An iterative self-weighting procedure for fitting straight lines to heteroscedastic data

An iterative, self-weighting procedure is presented for the fitting of straight lines to data with heteroscedastic error-variances in the response variable. The error-variances are assumed to be unknown, even relative to each other. The procedure is compared with the “resistant line” method advocated by Emerson and Hoaglin [Emerson and Hoaglin, 1983], using extensive Monte-Carlo calculations. The proposed method is simple and easily automated, and gives parameter-estimates with smaller variance (higher efficiency) than those resulting from the resistant line technique. A BASIC program to perform the self-weighting fit is given in an appendix