何其相似两巨星——谈郭小川贺敬之政治抒情诗的趋同现象及文学史的评价

郭小川和贺敬之都是中国当代文学史上重要的诗人,但他们的政治抒情诗非常相似,表现在它们的视野和构思都在于国家的命运和前途;感情和心胸都是年青时高昂而豪迈,中年之后殷切而深沉;风格和韵味都是一样的开阔和大气。以往的文学史著作所说的它们各自的独特性缺乏依据,并不客观。而它们之所以如此相似,完全是由工农兵文学的规范化创作原则造成的。其所谓“大我”“小我”结合,实际上只有“大我”,抛弃了“小我”,以致出现了创作的趋同化现象。     

略论日伪对南京的物资统制

物资统制是日本军国主义掠夺沦陷区财富的重要手段。梳理日伪在南京的物资统制,可以为研究抗战时期殖民地经济提供很好的个案观察。汪伪政府在南京成立后,先是与日本联手统制物资,继而建立了自己的统制体系。日伪的物资统制,以保障日军的战争需求为目的,对中国沦陷区是一种不折不扣的公开掠夺,给沦陷区经济造成了空前的灾难;日伪联手乃至汪伪独立统制物资的过程,更加清楚地揭示出伪政权的傀儡性质。     

两晋时期各政权对将士的救恤述论

两晋时期,统治者重视对将卒的救恤。在非物质方面,统治者允许将士回家守丧尽孝,关心将士们的婚姻,放免士兵,褒赠、安葬阵亡将士,遣使者慰问将士;在物质方面,赏赐将士一些物品,重视军队的军饷问题。统治者也十分重视对将士家属的救恤。另外,一些地方高级将领对所部士卒也进行了救恤。这些措施对于提高各政权军队战斗力有一定的积极作用。     

浅析太平天国时期湖南各地的捐输助饷

太平天国时期,为解决湘军出省作战和省内军需团练的饷费,湖南大力倡导绅商士民捐输。在各地捐输数目不多、绅商士民不甚踊跃的情况下,湖南当局对捐输作了变通办理,使捐输数额大大增多。湖南此时期办理捐输的结果,一方面扩充了绅士阶层的数量,加强了绅权;另一方面加速了吏治的腐败,加重了民众的负担,导致全省经济走向衰落。     

藏族部落兵员征集与军事训练

历史上,部落武装在抗击外来侵略、维护地区稳定中发挥了重要作用。文章从部落兵员征集及军事训练的方式入手,对藏族部落的武装制度作了探讨。     

Social structure and the defensive role of soldiers in a eusocial bamboo aphid,Pseudoregma bambucicola (Homoptera: Aphididae): A test of the defence-optimization hypothesis

A complete understanding of the evolution of sociality in aphids requires a detailed knowledge of the patterns of soldier investment in their ecology. The eusocial bamboo aphidPseudoregma bambucicola has a morphologically specialized first-instar soldier caste. The proportion of soldiers was positively correlated with colony size. Within a colony, soldiers were evenly distributed among subcolonies; within each subcolony, however, their distribution was biased toward peripheries which were exposed to many predators. Field experiments introducing natural enemies such asEupeodes confrater (Diptera: Syrphidae) andSynonycha grandis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) revealed that the survival rate of these predators was negatively correlated with the density of soldiers, suggesting that soldiers can more or less defend their colonies by killing or removing a range of natural enemies. Observations suggest that large mature colonies attract more predators than newly established small colonies and that, within a colony, the predators attack each subcolony regardless of its position on bamboo shoots. This implies the presence of a positive correlation between colony size and predation risk. Thus, the investment in soldiers seems to reflect the attacking pattern of predators within a colony. These results agree with the defence-optimization hypothesis in soldier investment ofP. bambucicola colonies.     

退役士兵职业技能培训期间的管理探索

退役士兵职业技能培训,是社会教育的重要组成部分,也是稳定与构建和谐社会的重要举措。在过去几年的培训中,各个承训学校就退役士兵职业技能培训期间的学员管理,开展了一些积极的探索和实践。由于退役士兵职业技能培训不同于全日制学生教育,许多方面还有待进一步完善和提高。     

《诗经·卫风·有狐》正解

《有狐》一诗，三叹其“忧”，深忧“之子”无衣。而“无衣”所指向的是战争、行役。《诗经》中写狐的诗歌，“狐”喻指征夫。故而《有狐》为征妇怀远之诗。而“征夫无衣，征妇送衣”这一母题一再被摹写。     

Shift in life-history strategy from reproduction to defense with colony age in the galling aphidHemipodaphis persimilis producing defensive first-instar larvae

Summary Colony defense in some aphids is performed by sterile soldiers but in others by monomorphic larvae of a specific instar stage. This paper, focusing on a galling aphidHemipodaphis persimilis with monomorphic defensive first instars, examined the mechanism by which the proportion of defenders is regulated in the colonies. Demographic analyses showed that the ratios of first instars (defenders) were kept constantly high (58% on average) from mid June to late September. High proportions of first instars could be explained by consistently high birth rates (birth rate hypothesis) or by a prolonged duration of the first instar stage (instar span hypothesis). With the progress of colony age, the mature-embryo content of apterous adults, used as an index of the birth rate, decreased and the proportions of advanced instars increased. These results did not support the birth rate hypothesis. By contrast, calculation of a newly proposed index, the molting rate, showed that the duration of the first-instar stage was short in incipient galls but became longer with colony age. The duration of other instar stages was always kept short. These results corroborate the instar span hypothesis and suggest that the prolongation of the first-instar stage is an adaptive mechanism by which the defender ratio is kept high in mature colonies where the birth rate is declining. The frequency of aggressive behavior in first instars increased from incipient to mature galls. Seasonal changes in the instar span and aggressiveness of first instars suggest that inH. persimilis colonies there is a strategic shift from the reproductive to defensive phase with colony age.     

欲进复退——评周扬1962年提出文艺“为最广大的人民群众服务”

196 2年周扬提出文艺“为最广大的人民群众服务” ,是周扬对中国革命文艺的历史和现状进行严肃的思考的结果 ,旨在为纠正当时文艺指导思想存在的一些问题、调整党的文艺政策提供一个根据 ,由于周扬文艺理论体系的核心———文艺从属政治、服务政治———未变 ,追求政治性文艺的目标未变 ,因而随着当时形势的变化 ,他立即又退了回去。所以 ,在一定的意义上 ,可以说这是他文艺思想的一次“欲进复退”。