数智技术背景下思想政治教育创新发展的机遇、隐忧与进路

随着人类社会逐渐朝着数字化、网络化、智能化方向迈进,以数字技术、网络技术和智能技术等前沿技术聚合而成的数智技术越来越成为社会变革的重要力量。面对全新的时代境遇,推动数智时代的思想政治教育创新发展也成为学科发展不可回避的重要问题。数智技术背景下思想政治教育的创新发展是思想政治教育的系统革新,是思想政治教育理念、机制、关系、方法等维度的数智化跃升。这对于思想政治教育布局数智融合时代、推动思想政治教育高质量发展具有重要意义。数智技术在不断为新时代思想政治教育赋权赋能的同时,也使思想政治教育面临着一系列的困境与挑战。数智技术不仅弥合了思想政治教育的时空距离、促进了思想政治教育的多元交互、推动了思想政治教育的科学供给、丰富了思想政治教育的叙事方式,而且疏离了思想政治教育的主客关系、限制了思想政治教育的互动模式、制约了思想政治教育的育人效果。为此,新时代思想政治教育应以价值理性为导引,统筹数智技术与思想政治教育的融合创新;以协同育人为机制,构建思想政治教育数智化育人生态;以平等对话为形式,建构数智化新型思想政治教育主客体关系;以技术赋能为依托,推动思想政治教育方法的数智化变革。     

算法驱动型虚拟数字人涉侵权纠纷的规范解决路径

算法驱动型虚拟数字人作为生成式人工智能的典型代表,能够在基于元数据投喂的基础上,通过对海量大数据（文本、图片、音频、视频等）自主解析与人类进行多维交互。搭载ChatGPT技术的虚拟数字人,将实现算法驱动+真人建模/虚拟形象相结合的3D场景化应用。其输出内容（人工智能生成物）包括音乐、舞蹈、文本等多种形式。算法驱动型虚拟数字人因具备交互性、数字化、拟人化、独特性四大特征,随之产生了虚拟数字人本身的权利保护和因其交互性而生成相关内容的权属划定等争议问题。第一类是算法驱动型虚拟数字人在研发之初,预训练数据采集和优化训练数据过程中对享有数据权利的主体造成的损害;第二类则是算法驱动型虚拟数字人自身或者对其享有财产权益的研发主体可能遭受的侵权。具体又可以分为由算法驱动型虚拟数字人自主产生的具有独创性内容的生成物所可能面临的权属争议和算法驱动型虚拟数字人基于不同的创作模式下产生的不同权属划归两种情形。运营公司单方创作的情形下,算法驱动型虚拟数字人的权益应划归运营公司,但如果用户也参与到虚拟数字人的创作过程中,又可以细分为“材料主义”“创作主义”与“合作主义”三种形式,分别对应着平台所有、用户所有和共有三种归属主体。现阶段,虚拟数字人作为一种数字化工具,并不具备拥有人格利益前提的人格尊严,因此不宜认定其具有独立人格,享有人格利益。通过对虚拟数字人各部分进行解构的方式,如肖像、名称、声音以及名誉所产生的利益主要采取“财产说”进行保护,而对虚拟数字人的名誉则通常采用“同一说”予以救济。另外,智能型虚拟数字人生成物可版权性问题本质上是基于深度学习技术的人工智能生成物的可版权性问题,学界存在将其是否纳入公共领域的争议。我国在生成式人工智能发展过程中可考虑探索人工智能统一立法的方式。具体而言,一是通过增强生成式人工智能服务提供者的大型基础设施服务义务来平衡其和政府之间的监管义务分配责任,二是从鼓励发展的角度建构起生成式人工智能服务提供者元数据采集的适度豁免规则,三是明确现阶段人工智能生成物不宜直接进入公共领域,其权属划分以服务提供者与使用者的约定为主。     

数智赋能农村协商治理的实践路径——基于衡南县D村“人工智能+屋场恳谈”的社会实验

当前农村协商治理面临主体缺位、官方主导、协商结果满意度差等现实困境。在数字乡村建设过程中,采用数智技术解决协商治理难题是推进基层治理现代化的重要抓手。基于赋能理论和“人工智能+屋场恳谈”社会实验,考察了农村协商治理中数智技术的主体赋能路径。通过对利益相关者的深度访谈发现：数智技术通过虚实场景再造、沉浸式体验、村务“云扩散”的心理赋能机制,唤醒乡村集体记忆、增强参与效能感、培育公共精神,提升了村民参与协商治理的意愿;通过数智平台拓展协商渠道、共享议题信息、回应民众关切等结构赋能机制,突破了村民参与的时空阻隔及知识结构、权力结构限制,提升了村民的参与能力;通过成果分配共商、决策过程公开、共创结果公示的成果赋能机制,增强了村民的参与获得感,提升了村民对协商结果的满意度。数智技术的有效赋能有助于农村协商治理中集体共识的形成。     

基于人工智能的隐含波动率的敏感度的研究

隐含波动率是指在市场中观察的期权价格所蕴涵的波动率。不同种类的期权价格对波动率的敏感度不同,本文建立了小波神经网络和遗传算法相结合的模型,将期权按钱性进行分类,提出了加权的隐含波动率作为神经网络的输入变量,通过遗传算法来求取不同种类期权的隐含波动率的最优权重。在香港衍生品市场的实证中表明,本文所提出的模型要优于传统的Black-Scholes模型和其它在本文中提到的神经网络模型。     

‘I chose the bad’: Youth's meaning making of being involved in self-harm content online during adolescence

This article aims to explore how young adults (18–23) who have a history of self-harm experienced involvement in self-harm content online during adolescence. The qualitative data analysis follows the steps of Interpretative phenomenological analysis and resulted in four meta-themes: (1) ‘Solitude during adolescence—finally found a place to fit in’, (2) ‘Tempting but dangerous—a game that never should end’, (3) ‘Searching for self—it was like an online diary’ and (4) ‘No one in charge’. Each superordinate theme characterizes essential features of subjective reasons for becoming involved in and their way out of self-harm content online. Digital involvement is discussed in light of developmental challenges during adolescence—such as exploration of borders, autonomy and self-identity formation. For lonely people, online involvement with self-harm content may enable ‘a potential space’ in between reality and fiction sufficient for relational and personal exploration. Involvement in self-harm content online may cover a need to belong, to express and share problems, and for support. This knowledge should inform clinicians to ask patients about involvement in risk content online and motivate decision-makers to develop ways to detect and support vulnerable adolescents online and offline.     

人工智能与人的主体性反思

人工智能发展给人的主体性带来诸多挑战,主要体现在思维领域,ChatGPT表现出超强的“类人智能”;在技术领域,智能机器开始替代人类从事技术性工作,造成主客体颠倒;在平台消费领域,智能机器助力人类借助资本对人进行宰制。即便如此,人工智能并不会造成人的主体性的丧失,因为人工智能不具有建构社会关系的能力、不具有感性思维,人工智能系统正常运转无法离开人的参与。从本质上来说,人工智能是人的机体的延伸,是人类实践手段的外化,其被人类运用并对物质世界进行探索和改造,是对人类的生产方式和生活方式起到解放作用的一种工具。而意识是人脑的机能,人可以自主构建自己的社会关系,人才是主体。     

From starving artist to entrepreneur. Justificatory pluralism in visual artists' grant proposals

Inspired by French pragmatism and using Bourdieu's notion of “refraction” as an indication of a field's autonomy, we explore in-depth what kinds of justifications visual artists deploy to legitimate their requests for government money. Based on 494 government grant proposals from visual artists between 1965 and 2015 in Belgium, we find six such justifications. The reputational, esthetic, and romantic justifications are grounded in autonomous criteria of worth, such as artistic CVs, the work of art itself, and a compulsive desire to make art. Since the 90s, social, academic, and entrepreneurial justifications bring in heteronomous criteria, or refractions of field-external values. Artistic practices become increasingly legitimized through engagement with social/political issues, academic methods and terminology, and an entrepreneurial spirit. We empirically show how the refraction of governmental logics is multi-faceted, yet always related to or combined with artistic concerns, which we interpret as characteristic for the artistic field's persisting autonomy in the face of heteronomous pressures.     

Anticipated Emotions About Unintended Pregnancy in Relationship Context: Are Latinas Really Happier?

This study examined differences in women's anticipated emotional orientations toward unintended pregnancy by relationship status and race and ethnicity. Data from a prospective survey of 437 women aged 18 to 44 years who intended no more children for at least 2 years were analyzed along with 27 in‐depth interviews among a diverse subsample. Cohabiting women and women in romantic relationships not living together were less likely to profess happiness (odds ratio = 0.42, p < .05, odds ratio = 0.25, p < .01, respectively), even when partners' intentions and feelings were controlled. The most prominent factor underlying negative feelings was partners' anticipated lack of engagement with the emotional, physical, and financial toll of unintended childbearing. Contrary to conventional wisdom regarding the “Hispanic paradox,” foreign‐born and U.S.‐born Latinas were no more likely to profess happiness than non‐Hispanic Whites or Blacks. Moreover, foreign‐born Latinas whose survey responses indicated happiness often revealed highly negative feelings at in‐depth interview, citing pressure to conform to sociocultural norms surrounding motherhood and abortion.     

Black Mothers' Perceptions of the Role of Race in Children's Education

Many Black parents consider racial climate and academic quality when thinking and making decisions about their children's schooling experiences. However, few studies have directly asked Black parents about the role they believe race will play in their children's schooling, if any. The authors interviewed 76 Black mothers (M_age = 34; SD_age = 6.67) of children entering first grade (M_age = 6.13; SD_age = 0.36), asking what role they believed race would play in their children's schooling. The authors found that mothers considered the racial composition of the school and the perspectives and behaviors of teachers and the administration to be important factors when assessing the role of race in their children's education. Mothers were also particularly concerned about the discrimination their sons may face because of their position as Black boys. Given these contextual factors, mothers considered themselves to be protective agents through their involvement in their children's academic lives.