跨国公司R＆D的全球性扩张：动因·特征·影响及对策

跨国公司进行全球性扩张,最为突出的表现是跨国公司R&D全球化趋势日益显现。跨国公司R&D的全球性扩张,既促进了我国经济的发展,提供了我国急需的资金和技术,增强了国内企业的竞争意识和国际竞争力,但同时对我国国家经济安全构成严重的威胁和挑战。我们应采取有效措施,利用跨国公司R&D对我国经济的积极作用,限制跨国公司R&D对我国经济发展的负面影响,以保持中国经济的持续健康成长。     

社会捐助特困大学生的现状分析与市场拓展

高等教育实行的收费制度改革 ,给高校创造了更好的发展机遇的同时 ,也带来了一些新的问题 ,贫困生问题就是其中之一。纵观当今国家及各高校出台和制定的各项贫困生经济资助政策和办法 ,社会捐助作为一项贫困生资助的重要来源和有效手段 ,早已为美国等高等教育发达国家的实践所证实 ,但在我国却并未受到应有的重视。分析其中原因、把握基本规律、充分发挥功效、做大做强市场等研究工作不仅势在必行 ,而且意义重大。     

一种抗干扰时间闸门电路的设计

针对内插法计数器中存在的寄生脉冲，设计了一种特殊的滞回比较器，这种电路不仅有效地抑制了寄生脉冲干扰，而且可对双阈值带来的时间扩展误差进行补偿，该电路用于脉冲式激光测距，可使距离分辨精度达到±5mm．     

中国入世的贸易冲击及其区域经济影响研究

入世对我国制造业发展影响深远,文章基于1997、2002、2007、2012、2017年30个省级行政区行业-地区层面的截面数据,考察由区域贸易构造的关税冲击对各地制造业就业和产值的影响。研究发现：入世后出口关税降低引致的外需扩张对制造业就业和产值的促进效果随时间递减,影响通过区域贸易向上游传导到本地需求品的提供地;需...     

Likelihood and higher-order approximations to tail areas: A review and annotated bibliography

Recent developments in higher-order asymptotic theory for statistical inference have emphasized the fundamental role of the likelihood function in providing accurate approximations to cumulative distribution functions. This paper summarizes the main results, with an emphasis on classes of problems for which relatively easily implemented solutions exist. A survey of the literature indicates the large number of problems solved and solvable by this method. Generalizations and extensions, with suggestions for further development, are considered.     

海权、霸权与英帝国(1688～1815)

英国在1688~1815的一百多年时间里,由一个一般的民族国家发展成为世界强国、海上霸主、殖民帝国,究其原因,海军与海权对英国这一阶段的发展起到了极其重要的作用。英国历届政府坚持把赢得制海权作为战略目标,把海权与海外贸易和殖民扩张三者有机地结合起来。三者紧密结合、相互促进,成为英帝国强大、繁荣的重要基石,也是英国在同西班牙、荷兰、法国争夺海上霸权的斗争中立于不败之地的关键。     

Quantifying Potential Health Impacts of Cadmium in Cigarettes on Smoker Risk of Lung Cancer: A Portfolio-of-Mechanisms Approach

This article introduces an approach to estimating the uncertain potential effects on lung cancer risk of removing a particular constituent, cadmium (Cd), from cigarette smoke, given the useful but incomplete scientific information available about its modes of action. The approach considers normal cell proliferation; DNA repair inhibition in normal cells affected by initiating events; proliferation, promotion, and progression of initiated cells; and death or sparing of initiated and malignant cells as they are further transformed to become fully tumorigenic. Rather than estimating unmeasured model parameters by curve fitting to epidemiological or animal experimental tumor data, we attempt rough estimates of parameters based on their biological interpretations and comparison to corresponding genetic polymorphism data. The resulting parameter estimates are admittedly uncertain and approximate, but they suggest a portfolio approach to estimating impacts of removing Cd that gives usefully robust conclusions. This approach views Cd as creating a portfolio of uncertain health impacts that can be expressed as biologically independent relative risk factors having clear mechanistic interpretations. Because Cd can act through many distinct biological mechanisms, it appears likely (subjective probability greater than 40%) that removing Cd from cigarette smoke would reduce smoker risks of lung cancer by at least 10%, although it is possible (consistent with what is known) that the true effect could be much larger or smaller. Conservative estimates and assumptions made in this calculation suggest that the true impact could be greater for some smokers. This conclusion appears to be robust to many scientific uncertainties about Cd and smoking effects.     

黑格尔关于量与数学的无限性思想

量与数学的无限是黑格尔无限理论的基础。黑格尔主张的无限不只是量 ,而是量与质的统一。黑格尔的真无限理论强调了比例作为无限的质的规定 ,这在理论上奠定了质与量辩证统一的哲学基础 ,进而批判了形而上学的思维方式 ,为哲学确立辩证思维方式真理观作出了重大贡献     

合作原则在"血字的研究"中的应用分析

格莱斯的合作原则是非常重要的语用学理论,福尔摩斯侦探小说则是享誉世界一个多世纪的文学作品。独具匠心地尝试将二者结合起来。首先介绍了合作原则的四大准则:质的准则、量的准则、相关准则、方式准则,然后基于这四大准则对“血字的研究”中的人物对话进行分析,从语用学角度讨论了人物对话对于塑造人物形象、增强小说文学感染力的作用。     

"很不…"和"不很…"对形容词的量性规约

程度副词“很”和否定副词“不”双项连续连用修饰形容词时,不同的连用情况对形容词有着不同的量性规约。词语的量性特征与其句法功能之间存在密切的对应关系,凡具备某一量性特征的词语,必然具有某种特定的句法功能。