马克思主义市场扩张视角下的资本主义发展阶段——资本主义历史分期的一种新尝试

第一次产业革命后资本主义发展的历史,是在“无限扩张的生产和有限扩张的市场”矛盾运动中踉跄前行的历史,市场扩张是矛盾的主要方面。从马克思主义市场扩张角度看,产业革命后的资本主义发展可以分为三个阶段：资本主义生产与现实市场扩张矛盾主导阶段,资本主义生产与未来市场扩张矛盾主导阶段,资本主义生产与虚假市场扩张矛盾主导阶段。资本主义生产与虚假市场扩张矛盾主导阶段是资本主义发展的最后阶段。市场在时间和空间上将再无扩张的余地,“虚假需求”生产制造的人类必然的精神痛苦构成资本主义自我否定的动力源泉,“资本主义必然灭亡,社会主义必然胜利”的预言将在第三阶段以必然形式出现。     

A simple procedure for price break models

This note deals with the problem of determining the economic order quantity of an inventory item having quantity discounts. A simple procedure is suggested which very often reduces the number of computations required for obtaining the economic operating policy.     

The politico-cultural significance of teachers’ ‘professionalization’ movements: a compared analysis of American and French cases

ABSTRACT

This article highlights the ideational factors underpinning the movements to professionalize teachers in the United-States and in France. It demonstrates that the deep driving force behind these movements is neither the modernization of schooling, nor the professional interests of teacher educators, but the politico-cultural hold of a philosophical paradigm that met the values and ideals of education and political systems’ actors. By associating human progress with social progress based on natural laws, the naturalistic standpoint of this philosophical paradigm won the favor of the times. Nevertheless, the adaptive conception of intellectual and moral development it supports entails a separation of the mental world of education specialists from that of academic scholars. As a consequence, the major missions of formal education shifted from the training of the mind through the understanding of subject-matters to that of whole social personalities through situated or experiential forms of understanding, the paradoxical outcome being a loss of teachers’ autonomy in terms of professional expertise.     

广州珠江黄埔大桥南汊主引桥衔接处线形控制技术

基于广州珠江黄埔大桥南汉悬索桥施工特点,针对悬索桥主引桥衔接处纵坡线形控制难题,提出解决方案.对于主桥端部钢箱梁纵坡线形的控制,提出两个调坡原则;对于伸缩缝纵坡线形的控制,提出须解决的关键问题及解决方法.所提方案解决了施工进度与施工工序之间的矛盾.     

东南亚地区潮帮批信局的历时性特征析论

通过对东南亚地区潮帮批信局在时间序列上的数量变化进行统计分析,发现以下特点:一是大多数潮帮批信局的存在时间都相对较短,倏兴倏灭的现象极为明显;二是存在时间较长的批信局大多设立时间较早;三是其创办与停业均出现在几个相对集中的年份,只是在各地有所不同。这种新旧更替、此起彼伏相对频繁的现象主要是由时局变化和各国政府的政策与措施的不同所造成的,其意涵比较单纯总体数字的变化所反映的东西要更为复杂。     

Generalized Confidence Interval Estimation for the Difference in Paired Areas Under the ROC Curves in the Absence of a Gold Standard

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves can be used to assess the accuracy of tests measured on ordinal or continuous scales. The most commonly used measure for the overall diagnostic accuracy of diagnostic tests is the area under the ROC curve (AUC). A gold standard (GS) test on the true disease status is required to estimate the AUC. However, a GS test may be too expensive or infeasible. In many medical researches, the true disease status of the subjects may remain unknown. Under the normality assumption on test results from each disease group of subjects, we propose a heuristic method of estimating confidence intervals for the difference in paired AUCs of two diagnostic tests in the absence of a GS reference. This heuristic method is a three-stage method by combining the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, bootstrap method, and an estimation based on asymptotic generalized pivotal quantities (GPQs) to construct generalized confidence intervals for the difference in paired AUCs in the absence of a GS. Simulation results show that the proposed interval estimation procedure yields satisfactory coverage probabilities and expected interval lengths. The numerical example using a published dataset illustrates the proposed method.     

对间接测量量非等精度的判别与其数据处理的方法

归纳和实验论证实验中出现的间接测量量是否为等精度测量量及非等精度的测量量用简便的方法计算其权值和标准偏差的方法。     

国进民退:清季兴起的一个持续倾向

近代中国一个持续的倾向,即国家(state)的责任和功能大幅度扩展,而民间则一再退缩。勾勒这一倾向在清季的兴起和推进。简述国家由小政府向大政府的转变,侧重"国进"冲击下社会的巨变,特别是以"道"为依据、以士绅为主导、以公产为基础,由各种公共会社构成的公领域,在国家步步进逼下被迫淡出。造成一个根本的转变,即很多过去民间承担的社会责任,现在逐渐转化为政府职能,落到国家头上了。在国家和社会各自及相互的转变中,国民也面临着从臣民到公民的转型,不能不重新定位其与国家、社会的相应关系。这一仍在进行中的变化进程,也明显受到"国进民退"的影响。     

试论罗马共和早期向外扩张胜利的原因

罗马共和早期对外扩张之所以能够取胜,其原因有外因也有内因,外因是,当时东西地中海强国自身的不断削弱给罗马提供了极为有利的国际形势;内因是,处于共和早期的罗马刚刚经过平民反贵族斗争,平民政治地位和经济地位的提高使罗马国内政治稳固,小农经济得以维持,为罗马对外扩张奠定了坚实的基础,再加上罗马在军事上和外交上所采取的有力措施,以及罗马人不墨守成规,善于吸收先进技术的特点,最终打败了对手,取得了对外扩张的胜利,实现了称霸地中海的愿望.     

网络极高量词语探析

对近年来网络中出现的大量含高量或极量语义的词语进行句法语义分析后发现:表达极高量语义的手段主要有状位、定位成分表达极高量,补位成分表达极高量,谓语中心自身表达极高量三种;所表达的量的类型主要为动作极高量、心理极高量、性质极高量;部分极高量词语具有视觉、听觉、动感等形象色彩意义。从新闻学、传播学、社会心理学理论可知,新闻事实的罕见性、语言传播策略、网民去个性化心理是这类词语出现的主要动因。