Higher‐Order Improvements of a Computationally Attractive k‐Step Bootstrap for Extremum Estimators

This paper establishes the higher‐order equivalence of the k‐step bootstrap, introduced recently by Davidson and MacKinnon (1999), and the standard bootstrap. The k‐step bootstrap is a very attractive alternative computationally to the standard bootstrap for statistics based on nonlinear extremum estimators, such as generalized method of moment and maximum likelihood estimators. The paper also extends results of Hall and Horowitz (1996) to provide new results regarding the higher‐order improvements of the standard bootstrap and the k‐step bootstrap for extremum estimators (compared to procedures based on first‐order asymptotics). The results of the paper apply to Newton‐Raphson (NR), default NR, line‐search NR, and Gauss‐Newton k‐step bootstrap procedures. The results apply to the nonparametric iid bootstrap and nonoverlapping and overlapping block bootstraps. The results cover symmetric and equal‐tailed two‐sided t tests and confidence intervals, one‐sided t tests and confidence intervals, Wald tests and confidence regions, and J tests of over‐identifying restrictions.     

转轨以来中国经济增长质量的综合评价研究

高质量的经济增长既是数量的扩张过程,又是质量的提高过程,是数量扩张与质量提高的统一。自1978—2002年以来,中国经济以年均9.36%的速度增长,经济规模总量迅速扩张。但中国经济增长质量的综合评价结果表明,中国经济增长质量提高与数量扩张并不同步,即转轨以来经济规模总量迅速扩张的同时,并没有带来经济增长质量的同比提高。     

高校扩招后大学生能力结构及培养

针对目前高校扩招后对本科生能力培养存在的问题。通过系统分析扩招后对学生能力结构的影响,从正反两方面进行比较,深刻剖析了目前学生能力结构存在的问题。提出了新时代扩招后学生应该在素质教育的基础之上,具备以下能力：自学习能力;适应能力;勤于动手的实践能力;团结协作能力;交往,表达能力和创造能力。通过分析高校扩招对大学生能力结构影响的基础上,提出大学生应该具备以上基本能力和如何培养这些能力的措施。为扩招后高校学生的能力培养提供了一定的借鉴意义。     

Expanded answers to bureaucratic questions: Negotiating access to public healthcare

This article analyzes expanded responses to statistical‐epidemiological questions at a mental health outpatient service at a public hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Bureaucratic questioning is a highly routine activity which supplies information to the biopolitical apparatus of the modern State. We understand that expanded answers are meaningful actions which not only serve individual, local tactics (such as raising personal concerns), but also index higher contextual levels. In this sense, resisting the constraints of a question may also imply resisting State‐defined policies of biopolitical classification and exclusion. We examine, from a discursive interactional point of view, 41 admission interviews held at the outpatient mental health care service. We observe four types of expanded answers which: (a) display competence in bureaucratic discourse; (b) move from the sphere of the public to the private; (c) deal with potential face‐threats; and (d) pre‐empt rejection. Although the former is actually an optimized way of collaboration with the biopolitical order, the latter three types can be seen as actions of resistance to classification, not only symbolically but also in material terms: resisting statistical criteria of exclusion allows clients to negotiate access to mental healthcare.     

警惕中国经济泡沫化——中国经济增长模式面临的严重挑战

改革开放以来,中国经济35年增长主要是外向型经济拉动的。但2008年国际金融危机时间,中国出台的"4万亿"投资刺激计划,改变了中国原有的经济增长模式,投资在经济增长中的作用越来越重要。同时,带来了两个结构性矛盾:一是投资中政府融资平台的崛起,深刻地改变了中国的投资结构,投资效率开始下降;二是投资拉动的经济增长模式必然依靠货币信贷释放来支撑,容易带来经济泡沫化。评论中国经济是否有泡沫化现象,可以从经济货币化指数、固定资产投资占GDP的比重、PPI和CPI的长期背离三个方面进行分析。     

生态城市建设与城郊农业功能拓展研究——兼析从化模式

建设生态城市是城市可持续发展的必然选择,基于区位优势、功能特征等因素拓展城郊农业功能在生态城市建设中具有重要作用。政策支持为城郊农业功能的拓展提供了资源和空间。在深入理解功能拓展现实需求和合理确定拓展投入思路基础上,设计合理的投入机制是提高农业功能拓展绩效的保障。从化模式成功经验的借鉴意义在于：灵活使用多种手段激励多元化投入主体,形成不同农业功能联合生产、三次产业协同发展、城乡生态共享的关系。     

Does higher education expansion promote educational homogamy? Evidence from married couples of the post-80s generation in Shanghai,China

The expansion of higher education witnessed in many societies influences the pattern of educational assortative mating. Structural transition theory predicts growing educational homogamy due to increasing preference for highly-educated partners who become more widely available. In contrast, social closure theory suggests depressed educational homogamy because the inflation of the education elite circle fosters the openness of marriage market, reducing the preference for a highly-educated mate and increasing the penetrability across social-status boundaries. Capitalizing the survey data that are representative of the post-80s one-child generation collected in Shanghai, China, we test the hypotheses derived from the two theories. Empirical results suggest that, with increasing availability of highly educated individuals, the extent of educational homogamy by birth cohort reveals a U-shaped pattern. This U-shaped pattern demonstrates increasing levels of educational homogamy and lends support to structural transition theory.     

Nonparametric two‐step regression estimation when regressors and error are dependent

This paper considers estimation of the function g in the model Y_t = g(X_t ) + ?_t when E(?_t|Xt) ≠ 0 with nonzero probability. We assume the existence of an instrumental variable Z_t that is independent of ?_t, and of an innovation ηt = X_t — E(X_t|Z_t). We use a nonparametric regression of X_t on Z_t to obtain residuals η_t, which in turn are used to obtain a consistent estimator of g. The estimator was first analyzed by Newey, Powell & Vella (1999) under the assumption that the observations are independent and identically distributed. Here we derive a sample mean‐squared‐error convergence result for independent identically distributed observations as well as a uniform‐convergence result under time‐series dependence.     

经济全球化进程中西方文化的扩张与渗透

西方国家正在利用经济全球化趋势 ,极力向他国推行它们的价值观念、生活方式、政治模式和行为标准 ,试图实现西方文化的全球化。非西方国家的文化正遭受着严重的冲击与侵蚀。发展中国家和社会主义国家应清醒认识和高度警惕西方为我们设定的文化陷阱 ,并积极探寻对策     

具有技术转让的捆绑采购最优决策研究

为了获取先进的技术,采购方通常采用将产品和技术进行捆绑采购的采购策略.不同的供应商有着不同的技术优势,采购方可以在不同供应商之间分配采购量来获得拥有不同技术优势供应商的技术,并加以组合吸收以提高自身技术水平.基于此,研究了具有技术转让的捆绑采购最优决策问题,通过对采购方利用供应商之间技术的互补性而采取的组合捆绑采购策略的描述,用经典的消费者效用函数构建了采购方进行捆绑采购的效用,并结合随机效用理论建立了离散选择模型研究了技术捆绑采购过程中最优采购量、最优分配比例问题,给出了单变量决策中的最优采购量和最优分配比例,并进一步研究了最优采购量和最优分配比例的双变量决策问题,给出了最优双变量组合决策和条件.最后,给出了一个算例,并进行了敏感性分析.