农村公共品供给的制度设计困境与实践方向

农村公共品可以说是农业发展、农民增收的基础,国家也通过转移支付资金、“一事一议”政策等来支持公共品供给,实际是农村的公共品供给仍然不足。笔者通过大量的调研发现．公共品供给困难主要是由于制度的规定性与当前农村社会基础的偏离所致。要解决公共品供给困难的问题就需要增强村集体组织的力量,以农民合作的方式实现公共品供给的目标。     

农村公共产品供给与社会主义新农村建设

从人民公社时期开始直到取消农业税之前,我国农村公共产品的供给形式虽略有变迁,但在本质上都是以农民为主体。新时期的农村公共产品供给日趋合理,但仍有不少问题,与社会主义新农村建设的宗旨不完全吻合。文章基于社会主义新农村建设的深刻蕴涵并以其精神实质为导向,从决策机制、供给体制及其法制化方面提出农村公共产品供给制度创新发展的构想。     

托马斯·阿奎那意志自由对伦理之善的神圣与世俗共构

阿奎那认为,自由适用于发自理智和意志（即理性能力）的行为,阿奎那称其为人性行为。人性行为即伦理行为。人的伦理善之完成（道德实践）同时仰赖理智与意志两者的相互配合,而人的行动由潜能到实现的过程端赖自由意志的促动。追求伦理之善即追求人性的成全与自足。意志自由因包含“对已之爱”指向现世人生,又以终极之善为最终的超越指向,并遵循自然法或本性之律之规定,由此而在伦理之善的神圣与世俗间构架起通桥。     

论计算机信息及计算机信息交易——美国《统一计算机信息交易法》与美国《统一商法典》相关概念和规则的比较

1930年代,哥伦比亚大学卢埃林认识到,工业革命使工业产品成为社会财富的主要载体,需要新的合同法规则以适应新的经济.其结果就是美国<统一商法典>第2编的制定,该法的核心是"货物买卖".1990年代,信息革命的产生及深入发展,使信息和信息服务成为经济的核心,美国<统一计算机信息交易法>应运而生.该法的核心是"计算机信息许可".尽管存在对该法的诸多批评,该法仍具革命意义,并已在美国马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州实施近十年.我国应尽快建立以信息为标的交易法律制度,对信息进行明确的界定,并以此为基础,建立大众市场许可、信息担保、电子自助等制度.     

Faking it: Personality and individual difference predictors of willingness to buy counterfeit goods

Counterfeiting is now widely regarded as a serious social, economic, and political issue. This study examined demographic, personality, and individual difference predictors of willingness to buy counterfeit goods (WBCG) in a community sample of British adults. Two-hundred and thirty-seven participants completed a questionnaire that assessed their willingness to buy 19 types of counterfeit goods, attitudes towards counterfeiting, material values, Big Five personality traits, and demographics. Structural equation modelling showed that attitudes towards counterfeiting were the strongest predictors of WBCG. In addition, material values predicted both WBCG directly and indirectly through attitudes towards counterfeiting. Older participants showed lower WBCG, although this effect was moderated by participants’ conscientiousness, material values, and attitudes towards counterfeiting. There were no sex differences in WBCG once participants’ age and conscientiousness had been taken into account. These results are discussed in relation to the extant literature on the profiles of consumers who buy counterfeit products.     

Enforcing cooperation in public goods games: Is one punisher enough?

We experimentally investigate a finitely repeated public goods game setting where, in each round, access to sanctioning power is exclusively awarded to one single player per group. We show that our central ‘Top Contributors as Punishers’ institution – a mechanism by which a player needs to be the highest contributor in her group in order to earn the right to sanction others – is extremely effective in raising cooperation and welfare due to turnover in the top contributor role and to top contributors’ willingness to substantially sanction others. Our findings yield implications for the design of mechanisms intended to foster cooperation in social dilemma environments.     

Producing public goods in networks: Some effects of social comparison and endogenous network change

As actors participate in the production of public goods, processes of social comparison may affect the decisions about the individual contributions as well as the endogenously changing structure of an underlying social network. This leads to the transformation of an ordinary n-player Prisoner's Dilemma of collective action into an n-player coordination game. The paper uses agent-based simulations to trace the formation of public goods while varying network characteristics, such as density, segregation, or the strength of relationships. Additionally, the usage of both a forward- and a backward-looking agent model shows possible implications of different assumptions about the actors’ decision making.     

建设服务型政府,实现公共服务提供主体多元化

服务型政府将满足公民需求作为最高工作目标,不仅要求强化社会管理和公共服务职能,更需要通过体制机制创新来促进公共服务的有效供给。其中,公共服务的供给机制有效与否是政府不同层级和不同部门都要面对的普遍性问题。针对公共服务的混合性和复杂性,以及我国在公共服务提供方面的问题,参考发达国家的政府改革经验,我国应培育多元化的公共服务供给主体,通过将分散、异质性的服务需求与非规模化的服务供给对接来间接满足服务需求。多元化供给机制有利于发挥行政机制、市场机制和社会机制的各自优势,并实现三者的有机结合,从而有利于整合各种社会资源,满足公民的异质性公共服务需求。     

生态价值:基于马克思劳动价值论的一个引申分析

检视和比较中西方关于生态价值问题的研究文献,基于马克思劳动价值论,并将其引申扩展到探索生态价值的致思路径是:沿着人类社会生产力发展水平不断提升的线索,从经济系统、生态系统和生态经济系统考察商品总价值、生态总价值和商品价值总量之间的内在关联及其数量变化关系。随着人类社会生产力水平由低到高的提升,商品总价值、生态总价值和商品价值总量三者之间呈现由同向递增变动到无序变动、再到更高层次的同向递增变动的趋势。在中国当前经济社会发展面临严峻生态问题的状况下,重新认识和理解生态价值问题,将有利于改变当前衡量经济社会发展指标过度单一的局面,有利于转变人们对自然生态资源、生态环境的不合理开发和利用的传统发展理念,有利于有效推动自然资源定价和参与市场化治理,并为其提供理论基础,从而使自然生态环境能够被科学、合理、协调、可持续地开发和利用。     

医疗保险的特性与管理——基于美国医改案例的分析

美国的医疗保险体系以商业医疗保险制度为主,研究奥巴马医疗改革方案的内容和变革走向,有助于认识医疗保险的特征和管理方法,并从中获取新的有益的启示。本文通过对美国医疗改革法案的分析认为,医疗保险是准公共产品,不能完全依靠市场机制来解决;医疗保险是重要的公共管理事务;医疗保险制度的建立重在公平性;医疗保险的管理必须强化政府责任,强化对保险机构和医疗服务机构的监管。