Social Facilitation Expectancies for Smoking: Psychometric Properties of a New Measure

Abstract

Objective: Expectancies about social outcomes for smoking are relevant to college student smokers, who frequently report “social smoking.” A new measure, the Social Facilitation Expectancies (SFE) scale, was developed to assess these beliefs. Participants: The SFE was administered to undergraduate college student smokers (N = 1,096; study completed in May 2011). Methods: Items were scored on a 5-point scale with a summed total score. The sample was randomly split and principle axis factoring and confirmatory factor analysis applied to determine scale structure. The structure was tested across sex and smoking groups and validation analyses were conducted. Results: A 9-item, 1-factor scale was replicated within each group. Higher SFE scores were observed among those with greater smoking experience and higher scores were associated with greater endorsement of other smoking-related beliefs. Conclusions: These preliminary findings provide support for the sound psychometric properties of this measure for use with young adult college students.     

The impact of a respite volunteer ‘buddy’ programme on behavioural and psychological well-being in young carers

Young carers often face a great amount of emotional burden and have high practical and social responsibilities. The role of being a young carer is associated with behavioural, developmental, physical and psychosocial problems that may not only affect the individual in childhood but also in adulthood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a Danish respite volunteer programme called The Buddies for Children and Youngsters Programme on young carers' (n = 49; aged 6–16) social–emotional functioning. A pre–post-design was applied, and data were collected through the parent version of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ), here with an impact supplement at baseline and at the end of the programme (after 4 months). The programme showed a positive impact on emotional symptoms, hyperactivity symptoms, conduct problems, peer problems, prosocial aspects and impact aspects, with mean differences values of −2.50 (p = .000), −0.62 (p = .271), −1.18 (p = .000), −0.74 (p = .008), 0.62 (p = .004) and −0.88 (p = .007), respectively. Furthermore, a large effect was found for the total difficulties score: −5.03 (p = .000). In conclusion, the programme seems promising considering its effect on young carers' social–emotional functioning. However, future research should include comparative studies with a longer duration.     

后疫情时代高校教学模式改革研究

2020 年初新冠肺炎疫情突发,各高校开展了大规模在线教学实践,教师和学生对于在线教学的方式、效果以及态度十 分关注思考。 线上教学已成为重要教学方式深入师生心中,不同于常规状态下精心规划设计的在线教学。 对疫情突发期间 成都大学商学院在线教学实践进行了研究,通过对 49 名教师和 1 105 名学生的问卷调查,分析了教师和学生在线教与学的客 观情况,探索了新冠肺炎疫情下商科教学模式创新、在线教学面临的新挑战以及商科教学模式改革路径。     

Investigation of alternative interface designs for long-list questions–the case of a computer-assisted survey in Germany

ABSTRACT

This study aims to address the questionnaire design challenges in cases wherein questions involve a large number of response options. Traditionally, these long-list questions are asked in open-ended or closed-ended formats. However, alternative interface design options are emerging in computer-assisted surveys that combine both interface designs. To investigate trade-offs of these alternative designs, a split-ballot experiment was conducted with a) a long list of radio buttons, b) a search tree (nested list of response options), and c) a combo box (combination of a text box and a drop-down box). Based on the question on the highest educational qualification attained from the Innovation Sample of the German Socio-Economic Panel, we investigated the interface design that facilitates respondents optimally and enhances the measurement quality. The findings indicate that combo boxes reduce the response burden and increase measurement details, whereas search trees and long lists reduce post-coding efforts.     

Validating the Job Crafting Questionnaire (JCRQ): A multi-method and multi-sample study

Job crafting presents a set of proactive behaviours in which employees may engage to alter the job content or their relations with others at work. In recent years, several measures have been developed to capture job crafting. In the present study, we test the validity and reliability of an existing Job Crafting Questionnaire (the JCRQ) in four studies: first, we test the scale validity of the JCRQ in a Spanish diary study (Spain, N?=?164, diary occasions 820). Second, we test the scale validity across two Western (Spain, N?=?164 and UK, N?=?109) and two Eastern cultures (China, N?=?170 and Taiwan, N?=?165). Third, we test the test–retest reliability in a Spanish three-wave longitudinal sample (N?=?191). Finally, we test the criterion validity using data from the four countries. Results confirm the presence of five independent job crafting dimensions: increasing challenging demands, decreasing social job demands, increasing social job resources, increasing quantitative demands and decreasing hindrance job demands. The JCRQ shows acceptable test–retest reliability, scale and criterion validity across the four studies.     

Survey research with preliterate adult populations in post conflict situations using researcher-assisted self-completion questionnaires

This paper presents an innovative and effective approach for conducting surveys with preliterate adults in a context of limited infrastructure in post conflict Burundi, Africa. We conducted surveys with parents/carers of children with a disability and community members, as a component of mixed methods research with children and adults to provide baseline data for Handicap International in developing programs to prevent sexual abuse among children with a disability. To meet the challenges of conducting surveys on the sensitive topic in such field conditions, we developed specifically adapted researcher-assisted self-completion questionnaires (RASCQ) using images and verbal guidance. RASCQ allowed researchers to provide respondents with supports needed to complete surveys and the privacy and confidentiality needed to encourage honest answers. This paper discusses the development process, details of survey implementation, and quality of data obtained. RASCQ proposed in the current study can be used in various studies with marginalised groups and people in developing countries.     

英语专业学生写作错误与纠错实证研究

论文以英语专业二年级33名学生为受试对象,以学生在学期初和学期中的66份写作练习作为素材,归纳受试对象写作中的错误类型,分析错误发生的原因,并通过问卷形式调查受试者对待教师纠正写作错误行为的态度。研究结果表明:错误主要出现在语法层面上,原因为母语负迁移的影响和语言输出监控不够,大多数受试者对以教师直接纠错为主的策略持积极态度。     

英、日语专业毕业论文写作需求分析实证研究

针对外语专业毕业生论文写作的需求问题,采用问卷方法,对某校英、日语专业毕业班学生的毕业论文写作需求状况作了调查,分析了学生的论文写作情感态度与其对论文写作认知程度的相关性。研究结果为外语专业毕业论文写作教学大纲的制订提供参考。     

农村居民收入差距适度性问卷调查

基于中国31个省份2 852份农村居民家庭问卷调查数据,运用Gini系数等指标,对中国农村居民收入差距现状进行统计测算;从农户家庭基本特征、物质资本、人力资本、政治资本、地理环境和地区差异、家庭人均年收入水平等方面对中国农村居民收入差距及其主要影响因素进行统计分析;对现阶段中国农村居民收入差距适度性相关问题进行问卷调查。研究结果表明:中国农村居民收入差距较大;农户人均年收入及收入差距由于农户家庭特征、人力资本、物质资本、政治资本不同、地理环境和地区差异而存在较大差异;现阶段农村居民收入差距已经超过了合理的界限;"农村劳动力缺少就业技能"和"缺乏农业技术与资金"是造成农民增收难的最主要原因;农村居民对收入差距扩大的承受力较弱,对当前的收入分配状况不满意,但对国家实施的三农政策比较满意;"社会保障"、"教育"和"公共基础设施"是对农村居民不公平的主要表现;"贫富差距过大"是阻碍经济效率的主要风险;"改善城乡二元结构"、"提升农村劳动力整体素质"和"构建城乡均衡的社会保障制度"是缩小城乡收入差距的主要途径。     

Comparing the efficacy of electronic-tablet to paper-based surveys for on-site survey administration

This study compares cost, completion times, and percent completion of electronic tablet (n = 244) to paper-based (n = 398) questionnaires administered to participants of scenic raft trips on the Snake River, Grand Teton National Park. We hypothesized e-tablet questionnaires would (1) cost less (2) be completed faster and (3) be completely filled more frequently than paper-based questionnaires. Our survey resulted in a greater per unit cost of e-tablet compared to paper-based questionnaires ($4.17 and $1.80, respectively). Although e-tablets were completed faster (230 [±66] s) than paper questionnaires (235 [±57] s), the difference was not significant (t₍₆₄₁₎ = 1.97, p = 0.39). E-tablets were filled completely more frequently than paper questionnaires (80% vs. 51%, respectively; χ² = 3.84, p < 0.01). We suggest that for multi-year projects with a sample size target of ≥100, and length ≥ 5 pages, e-tablets are more cost effective and efficient than paper-based surveys.