传染病疫情"吹哨人"制度构建研究

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的暴发,凸显出构建传染病疫情“吹哨人”制度的迫切。构建该制度具有重要意义,有利于完善卫生防控法治体系,有利于传染病早期防控和保护吹哨人权利。构建制度应考虑吹哨人的道德风险、权利和义务,以及现有法律制度的衔接与协调,文章以此提出具体制度规则。     

Epidemic Potential of Measles and Rubella

Abstract

Although there have been major declines in the incidence of measles and rubella in the United States since licensure of vaccines, the incidence of disease in adolescents and young adults has not declined nearly as markedly as that in younger children. As a result, an increasing proportion of cases have occurred in adolescents and young adults. In 1978, 26% of all reported measles cases in which age was known occurred in those 15 years of age and older, and 76% reported rubella cases occurred in this age group. Outbreaks of both diseases have been reported from high schools, military bases, colleges, and universities. During a recent outbreak of measles involving a university, a 22-year-old university employee contracted measles and died of measles encephalitis. In addition to the direct effects of these diseases, the implications of the current pattern of occurrence of two infections known to have adverse effects on the developing fetus are obvious.

Improvements in immunization levels and declines in disease incidence have been brought about effectively by the enactment and enforcement of immunization requirements for school-age children and military recruits. Colleges and universities should also institute immunization requirements as a condition of enrollment.     

Breast Self-Examination in the Personal Health Course

Abstract

Female college students (N = 105) were surveyed regarding their acceptance of instruction concerning breast self-examination (BSE) in a film format and the frequency of personal performance of BSE. Factors which served to explain variation in acceptance scores were related to instruction, performance, conservatism, and perceived threat. Factors related to frequency of BSE performance included conservatism, close friend or relative with breast cancer, confidence, and previous instruction in BSE.

“Effect of Alcohol Intake on High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Runners and Inactive Men,” G. HARLEY HARTUNG, et al. Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) level was measured before and after alcohol abstinence and after resumption of a controlled alcohol dose in 16 marathon runners, 15 joggers, and 13 inactive men. A three-week period of abstinence resulted in a significant decrease in HDLC concentration in the inactive men (49.8 to 41.8 mg/dL). Three weeks of alcohol consumption (1,065 ml of beer per day) produced a significant increase in HDLC level to 50.9 mg/dL. No change in HDLC level was found for the marathon group or the joggers during abstinence or three weeks of alcohol intake. The consumption of alcohol in moderation seems to be associated with increased HDLC levels in inactive men but not in men who engage in regular running or jogging.     

When Everyone Is an Orphan: Against Adopting a U.S.-Styled Orphan Drug Policy in Canada

Putting aside whether diseases that affect only small numbers of people (“rare diseases”) should be prioritized over diseases that are otherwise orphaned, in this article I argue that a new approach to rare, orphan diseases is needed. The current model, first signaled by the United States' Orphan Drug Act and subsequently emulated by several other jurisdictions, relies on a set of open-ended criteria and market-based incentives in order to define and encourage drug therapies for rare, orphan diseases. Given a) the biopharmaceutical industries' growing interest in orphan diseases, b) progress in the sphere of personalized medicines enabling more and more common diseases to be reclassified as rare, and c) empirical evidence suggesting that the most orphan drugs target only a limited, lucrative subset of rare diseases, I argue that Canada, which recently announced plans to develop its own “orphan drug framework” should not follow the United States' orphan drug model.     

湘潭市建国前传染病流行趋势与防治对策研究

湖南省湘潭市历史上流行性传染病时有发生。1949年前出现在湘潭市的传染病主要有霍乱、天花、麻疹、疟疾、细菌性痢疾等。这些传染病多由水旱饥馑引发,但同时也不可忽视人为因素,对湘潭市人民的生产、生活造成很大的影响。面对侵害人类的恶疾,湘潭地方官府采取了一些遏制疾病传染及恶化的措施,取得一定成效。     

312经络锻炼法对函授学员高血压病的疗效研究

目的 研究312经络锻炼法（简称312）以函授班形式教学,对原发性高血压病近、中期疗效追踪及相关机理。方法 40例函授班学员有高血压病者,进行教、学、练、督导312,自身对照分组。于312前及后第1,3,6,12个月分别观察其症状、体征、血压、用药、疗效等指标的变化,数据综合分析总结;并与以往面授班者作比较。结果 ①血压：40例于312后1,3,6个月与312前比较各均有显著性差异,P〈0.01（图1、表1）。②疗效：症状其他指标,用药指标等相应地有所好转。312后1,3,6个月显效率逐渐递增,各分别为18%,35%,42.5%;总有效率各为95%,97%,100%;无效率各分别为5%,2.5%,0%,呈逐渐递减趋势,（表2）。③本文函授班血压和疗效结果与以往面授班者比较,完全等同。结论 312函授班对高血压病有良好效果。     

疾病的意义生成与价值转换——论革命恋爱题材小说中的疾病书写

革命恋爱题材小说中的疾病书写,打破了革命＋恋爱的两极模式,形成革命-恋爱-疾病的三角结构,从而丰富了文本的内涵。分析由茅盾的《蚀》与蒋光慈的《冲出云围的月亮》以及巴金的《爱情的三部曲》构成的现代革命恋爱题材小说的三部曲中的疾病书写,不仅可以看到革命与爱情的相互关系,而且可以看到它们之间“为何”与“如何”产生关系,由此梳理出革命话语中疾病意义生成与价值转变的轨迹。     

城市建设问题与心理疾病

城市心理疾病患者越来越多 ,这与现代城市建设的某些问题有关。分析当代的抑郁症、焦虑症、恐怖症、强迫症、疑病症等心理疾病 ,就会发现它们不少都与城市建设的问题直接或间接有关。城市建设应充分考虑其对市民心理的影响 ,应充分考虑市民的心理需要 ,真正做到以人为本     

从复杂的人性系统看基因与疾病

人类基因组序列“工作框架图”的绘制似乎给久已存在的基因决定论提供了理论支持 ,但人性的复杂性及其社会性本质决定了基因在人性系统中的作用及防治疾病的综合方法。     

关于我国农民工职业病维权困境的思考——从“开胸验肺”事件谈起

农民工张海超为确诊个人患有尘肺病不惜冒生命危险“开胸验肺”,这一事件引发了社会对农民工职业病维权问题的关注。我国农民工职业病维权面临着工伤认定程序漫长和维权成本高等困境。究其原因主要是法律不健全,职业病鉴定机构监管的缺失以及社会保障缺失。若要化解农民工职业病维权困境,必须健全相关法律,完善工伤保险制度并加强政府主导作用,只有这样才可切实保障农民工职业病患者权益。