Abstracts and reviews

Frank A. Beach (Editor): Sex and Behavior, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, London, Sydney, 1965. 592 + x pages. Price: $8.75.

Richard F. Hettlinger. Living with Sex: The Student's Dilemma. The Seabury Press, New York, 1966.

The Hygienic Principles of Moses Maimonides. J. American Medical Association. Vol. 194, No. 13, page 86, December 27, 1965.

Eleanor Mears (Editor): Handbook on Oral Contraception. J. & A. Churchill Ltd., London, 1965, pp. xv, 107.

Lars Ullerstam: The Erotic Minorities. Introduction by Yves de St. Agnes; translated by Anselm Hollo. Grove Press, New York, 1966.     

Risk Factors for Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection in a California Collegiate Population

Abstract

Chlamydia trachomatis infection in college students has not undergone a detailed large-scale evaluation. The authors undertook a cross-sectional study of 4,086 students enrolled on the campuses of California State University, Sacramento, and 3 local community colleges from fall 2000 through spring 2002. They used an outreach screening model to determine the presence of infection by testing urine for chlamydial DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Participants completed demographic and behavioral risk questionnaires and a chlamydia knowledge assessment. Overall, 3.4% of participants tested positive for infection. Screening of male and female students was evenly distributed and incidence rates for males (3.03%) and females (3.78%) were similar. Variables associated with significantly increased risk were younger than 25 years, ethnicity other than White, more than one sexual partner in the preceding year or a new partner in the preceding 2 months, and current symptoms. Innovative outreach programs to screen a majority of at-risk college students should be developed.     

MAXIMUM PRINCIPLE FOR AGE AND DURATION STRUCTURED SYSTEMS: A TOOL FOR OPTIMAL PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF HIV

Age and duration since infection are considered in a model of optimal control of the spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in countries with high prevalence. Prevention and medical treatment are selected so as to maximize an economic objective function.The model extends the classical McKendrick equation. Necessary optimality conditions in the form of Pontryagin's global maximum principle and numerical solution based on them are presented. “Critical” initial prevalence is established numerically for which there are two optimal medical treatments: one intense and another less demanding. It is shown that treatment alone can be counterproductive: increase in treatment must be accompanied by increase in prevention.     

“隔离法”自救与政府干预:民国时期粤北瑶族地区传染病防治的经验与思考

传染病防控能力,检验与考验中国政府的治理能力和中国社会的文明状况。民国时期,粤北瑶族时常遭受天花、疟疾、鼠疫等传染病的侵袭,生命健康受到严重威胁。1927年4月,接受孙中山先生“扶助国内弱小民族”思想的广东省政府开始调整治瑶政策,主动介入瑶区防疫工作,并结合瑶族总结出的“隔离法”,采取多种现代防疫手段在瑶区开展防治工作。经过广东省政府多年的努力,虽未能杜绝传染病在瑶区的传播,但在一定程度上缓解了传染病对瑶族民众的伤害,其历史经验及教训可为防治新冠肺炎提供一定的借鉴意义。     

“城市病”对大学生群体流动的危害及纠治简

在我国城市化进程不断加快的同时,大学生群体在我国的城市居民中逐渐占有越来越重要的比重,但是城市的快速发展带来的环境恶化、居住困难、交通拥堵等问题对大学生群体的流动产生了许多负面影响和危害,抑制了大学生在城市的创业激情,降低了大学生的稳定感,对此应构建大学生的社会上升通道,完善廉租房制度,降低创业门槛,加强大学生社会保障,推进健康城镇化,实现公共服务的均等化。     

Inferences from logistic regression models in the presence of small samples,rare events,nonlinearity, and multicollinearity with observational data

The logistic regression model has been widely used in the social and natural sciences and results from studies using this model can have significant policy impacts. Thus, confidence in the reliability of inferences drawn from these models is essential. The robustness of such inferences is dependent on sample size. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of alternative data sets on the mean estimated bias and efficiency of parameter estimation and inference for the logistic regression model with observational data. A number of simulations are conducted examining the impact of sample size, nonlinear predictors, and multicollinearity on substantive inferences (e.g. odds ratios, marginal effects) when using logistic regression models. Findings suggest that small sample size can negatively affect the quality of parameter estimates and inferences in the presence of rare events, multicollinearity, and nonlinear predictor functions, but marginal effects estimates are relatively more robust to sample size.     

论厉鹗的诗

厉鹗是雍乾间以诗而名的学人。他的诗歌喜用典故,尤喜用宋人笔记中之偏事僻典,遣词造句也刻意生涩炫博。厉鹗资书以为诗,其诗显得生、僻、怪、碎,与清代学人诗本经史,引学术入诗的诗学风范有点不同。他后面的诗人惩于厉鹗的堆砌琐碎,于是偏向于以专门之学入诗,特别是以乾嘉学人擅长的金石考据入诗,翁方纲等人的诗歌代表着厉鹗以后乾嘉诗坛学问化的主要衍变方向。     

传播性病罪法益研究——实然与应然之间

传播性病罪的实质理当定位于对他人身体健康或公共卫生的侵害,但现行法设立本罪所意欲保护的法益却是社会风化,国民之身体健康权利仅仅居于"随意客体"的尴尬地位,这显然不利于性病、艾滋病的防治,不利于对国民健康这一重大法益的保护。所以,调整我国现行法关于传播性病罪之保护法益,是有效维护公共卫生、保障国民健康的必然:一方面,性病、艾滋病相对于其他传染病而言,具有流行病学和社会学意义上的特殊性,单独立法利于对这类特殊传染病的防治;另一方面,根据疾病在性质上的严重程度分设结果犯和危险犯,并配之以相应的法定刑,利于合理划定犯罪圈以及实现罪刑均衡。     

Accelerated Contagion and Response: Understanding the Relationships among Globalization,Time, and Disease

Abstract

The rapid global transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003 raises questions about the intersections of globalization, time, and diseases. Viewing it as a disease of speed, this article examines SARS as a case of emerging infectious diseases in the context of contemporary globalization. We contend that the SARS crisis exposed the limitations of traditional spatiality-based approaches to infectious diseases, disease control, and health governance. When the advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs) in recent decades have accelerated the diffusion of pathogens, actors at all levels of global public health are pressed to keep up with the new temporalities. While cognitive and organizational innovations arising from technological changes show some hope for addressing these issues on a global level, other temporality-related challenges—such as differential capacities of the affected countries to respond to the simultaneity of the crisis—are yet to be tackled.     

Men’s condom use in higher-risk sex: Trends in five sub-Saharan African countries

This paper analyses trends in men’s condom use at last higher-risk sex (i.e., with a non-marital, non-cohabiting partner) using the two most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in five sub-Saharan African countries: Cameroon, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Burkina Faso. Condom use is an important method of preventing HIV transmission. Encouragingly, higher-risk sex has declined in four of the five countries, while condom use rose substantially in Cameroon, Tanzania and Burkina Faso but only had a minor increase in Kenya and Zambia, where use at last higher-risk sex remains below 50 per cent. There are no clear patterns of change across countries in the predictive strength of the explanatory variables between the two most recent surveys, although evidence of a widening gap in use by education in Cameroon is identified. In each country, lack of education remains a strong barrier to condom use in higher-risk sex.