Children's gender- and age-based categorization in similarity and induction tasks

The present studies examined children's and adults' preferences for gender- or age-based categorization using similarity and inductive inference tasks. Four-year-olds, 6-year-olds, and adults looked at pictures of people and decided which of two was more like a target (similarity condition) or which shared a novel age- or gender-related property with the target (inference condition). Age or gender-based matches were possible. The results are consistent with previous findings that gender-based classification decreases with age. However, they also demonstrate that children use gender more for judging similarity than for making inferences about novel properties. Distinct patterns emerge from the two tasks: 6-year-olds and adults in both conditions categorize more by age than gender; 4-year-olds categorize by gender more than age in the similarity task, but by age more in the induction task. Only adults differentiated by property in the inference condition. These findings suggest that the salience of gender categories cannot entirely be attributed to their inductive potential. Gender has a salience beyond what would be predicted by its power for directing novel generalizations.     

关于中国封建经济结构

中国封建社会虽说是一种农业经济、自然经济,但商品经济却是它不可或缺的润滑剂、催化剂和动力。中国封建社会生产力的基础和主干是个体小生产农业,它要求土地与劳动力的紧密结合,自耕农便成为这种结合的最好形式,能够取得最大的经济效益,而地主土地所有制是以经济的手段与劳动者结合,也能取得较好的经济效益。在农业基础之上的是手工业和商业。城市和货币是中国经济结构涉及的两个特点,而凌驾于这一切之上的,是封建国家对经济的强大的控制与干预。     

Peer Victimization,Self‐esteem,and Ego Resilience Types in Adolescents: A Prospective Analysis of Person‐context Interactions

This study examined bidirectional, longitudinal associations between peer victimisation and self‐esteem in adolescents, and tested for moderator effects of undercontrolling, overcontrolling, and ego‐resilient personality types in these associations. Data were used from 774 adolescents ages 11–16 years who participated in a three‐wave (i.e., 2005, 2006, and 2007) longitudinal study. Structural equation modelling analyses in Mplus demonstrated that, controlling for earlier levels of self‐esteem, self‐reported peer victimization was associated with lower self‐esteem across one‐year time intervals. Vice versa, however, low self‐esteem was not predictive of subsequent self‐reported victimization. Evidence was also found for a moderator effect of personality type on the longitudinal associations between self‐esteem and victimization. Only in the subgroup of overcontrolling adolescents was lower self‐esteem related to subsequently higher levels of peer victimization; their undercontrolling and ego‐resilient peers were unaffected.     

一类有理分式的积分

本文介绍了一类有理分式的积分,并得到了一组织分公式。     

Evaluation of the parameters of su by rational fractions

A rational fraction approximation is given for a function of one of the parameters defining Johnson's S_UError assessment for a segment of the domain of validity shows remarkable accuracy.     

统计代理制的理性探索

基层统计是中国政府统计的基础,提高警惕基层统计质量是提高中国统计数据质量的关键,而建立与社会经济体制相适应的基层统计管理制度又是提高基层统计质量的根本保证.在社会主义市场经济体制下,我国基层统计环境发生了全新变化,为了适应新的变化,必须建立基层统计代理制,基层统计代理制是统计经济成分多元化,社会分工细化,统计利益市场化和统计工作规范化的必然要求 .在我国建立基层统计代理制具有法律可行性,技术档行性和经济可行性.随着统计代理制的实施,我国基层统计的数据来源将会更有保障,数据质量将会稳步提升,工作效率将会大大提高,从而促进我国统计事业兴旺发达.     

试论信用的客观经济规律性质及其作用充分发挥的条件

目前的经济学界大多数学者基本上将“信用”定位于一种经济伦理现象,并循此含义来谴责经济领域的失信现象。但是解决失信问题的关键,是要确定信用作为规律的性质和信用规律何以不能充分发挥作用的条件。本文根据信用反映经济关系的基础,通过信用的本质、发展过程、现代形式和巨大作用阐述,以揭示出信用这种价值的特殊运动的规律性,并在此基础上论证了信用规律在社会主义市场经济中充分发挥作用所需要的三方面重要条件。     

转型时期沿海发达农村地区经济型领导：合法性地诞生，非正式地运作

村民自治制度的实施,农村的经济精英登上村庄社区的政治舞台,成为发达地区农村治理的一个亮点。市场化条件下出现的农村经济能人,在中国民主化进程的推动下,在复苏的公民意识的激发下,依据《村民委员会组织法》通过村民自选合法地成为农村政治管理者。由于受到“先发型”村庄相对封闭的经济利益共同体,家族主义意识渗透下的“拟家族化”管理,“官系统”和“民系统”之间的边缘人地位等因素的影响,这些经济精英型领导的权力运作不可避免地会出现非正式化或非制度化倾向。     

基于NURBS方法的转子表面造型技术

采用双三次NURBS方法对某型号转子进行几何造型,对造型过程中出现的曲面延伸、求交和裁剪等问题进行了研究.根据叶片的形状特征,以曲线的几何形式为基础,提出了一种简单实用的曲线曲面延伸方法,实现了切矢量连续的叶片型面的延伸.对于两相交面分别为自由曲面和解析曲面的求交问题,提出了一种简化的跟踪算法,实现了转子叶片型面和圆台面的准确求交和裁剪,从而实现转子精确的几何造型.