Mitigating Hi-tech products risks due to rapid technological innovation

The risks on international trade have increased continuously in recent years. One such risk for Hi-tech products is the result of rapid technological innovation, which results in a significant decline in the component cost, the selling price and the demand (due to newer products introduction). The Hi-tech products include computers and communication consumer products. From a practical viewpoint, there is a need to develop an innovative replenishing policy to consider the impact of the risk. In this paper, an economic order quantity model with finite planning horizon is developed for a buyer, when the component cost, the selling price and the demand rate of the end-consumer decline at a continuous rate. A numerical example and sensitivity analysis for two case studies are carried out to illustrate this model.     

基于降价预期的生鲜农产品定价策略研究

顾客的价格感知影响需求。以降价预期刻画顾客对当前价格的感知,针对零售商在维持需求和利润最大化条件下降价两种策略,研究了生鲜农产品的最优定价问题。研究表明,零售商的利润随着价格认同系数增加而增大;顾客对独立产品存在降价预期不会影响零售商的利润,但是对替代品存在降价预期,零售商的利润会下降;零售商若能完全观察到顾客存在降价预期,将抬高初始价格。     

焙烧温度对介孔CuO/CeO_2变换催化剂结构和性能的影响

采用浸渍法,在不同焙烧温度下制备了CuO/CeO2水煤气变换催化剂并对其活性进行测试,利用XRD、BET、TPR等技术对样品进行了表征。焙烧温度≤650℃,催化剂样品的比表面积和孔容较大,CuO在载体CeO2上分散度高,易于还原,从而具有较好的催化活性;焙烧温度≥750℃,催化剂样品的比表面积和孔容大幅度下降,在载体CeO2上所负载的CuO由于团聚而长大,造成分散度下降,还原温度升高,催化活性变差。研究结果表明,焙烧温度对催化剂样品结构和性能有显著的影响,适宜的焙烧温度是保证CuO/CeO2具有高活性的关键。     

沉淀反应温度对铜锰复合氧化物结构和催化性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备铜锰复合氧化物,运用XRD、TPR、BET和常压微反评价装置对所合成样品进行了物相结构和催化性能的研究。XRD分析表明,沉淀反应温度在25~90℃时所合成铜锰复合氧化物前驱体均由Cu2+1O/Mn3O4组成,但随着温度的升高,其晶体组成Cu2+1O/Mn3O4比逐渐提高,晶粒逐渐减小,这些前驱体经550℃焙烧后均转化为Cu1.5Mn1.5O4,且晶粒大小基本相同。TPR分析结果表明,所制备催化剂为单一组成的铜锰复合氧化物,当沉淀反应温度<45℃时,随沉淀反应温度提高样品的还原温度升高,当沉淀反应温度从45℃提高到65℃,还原温度变化不大,只略有下降;而当沉淀反应温度>65℃时,还原温度继续升高。BET结果表明,虽然室温下(25℃)所制催化剂前驱体的比表面积较大,但焙烧后却大幅度下降,反而小于45℃以上样品的比表面积;而当沉淀温度在45℃以上时,焙烧前后样品的比表面积相差不大,样品的比表面积均在36.5-39 m2/g,说明当沉淀温度提高到45℃以上时,焙烧后样品的比表面积与沉淀温度关系不大。沉淀温度45℃是Cu-Mn沉淀物织构发生明显变化的拐点,在此温度下,沉淀反应体系的反应、传递及沉淀物的转...     

从消费者角度看特色农产品电子商务发展

山西由于独特的自然地理条件,成为我国特色农产品大省,省外消费者对山西特色农产品需求巨大。但在山西境内,特色农产品并未给山西带来经济效益。如何摆脱山西特色农产品的困境,加快山西经济发展,解决之道就是将山西特色农产品引入电子商务,从消费者角度看特色农产品电子商务的发展。特色农产品电子商务的发展及普及将会带给农户更多的收益,也会使消费者生活更加便利。     

加工贸易对我国出口技术结构影响的实证分析——基于省级区域金属制品出口的面板协整

运用Hausmann模型对我国2002—2008年29个省级区域金属制品的亚产业和省级区域层面出口技术结构进行测度,同时运用动态OLS模型分析加工贸易对我国金属制品出口技术结构的作用。分析表明:我国金属制品出口技术结构较高的省份多为经济较为发达的东部省份,中西部区域的出口技术结构相对较低;金属制品出口技术结构有提升较快,但亚产业和省级区域内部的出口技术结构差异性在扩大;虽然加工贸易促进了金属制品出口技术结构的升级,但对不同亚产业和省级区域出口技术结构变迁的作用力存在较大的差异,表现出显著的两极分化效应。     

基于比较的山东省农产品品牌建设研究

山东省是农业大省,农产品品牌建设尤为重要。借鉴分析云南大益普洱茶和新疆库尔勒香梨两个典型农产品品牌建设的经验和教训,根据山东省农产品品牌建设所面临的问题,提出山东省农产品品牌建设的有效对策为:强化品牌内涵建设、加大品牌传播力度、加强政府引导和监督、促进社会共同解决食品安全问题。     

中国和澳大利亚农水产品产业内贸易实证分析

近十年,中国和澳大利亚农水产品贸易发展迅速,互为重要的农水产品贸易伙伴。目前,中国是澳大利亚的第三大农水产品出口市场,仅次于日本和美国;澳大利亚则位列美国、阿根廷、巴西之后,是中国的第四大进口农水产品来源国。采用G-L指数、协整分析技术和Granger因果关系检验对中澳农水产品产业内贸易水平、变化趋势及影响因素分析表明,从总体水平看,中国和澳大利亚农水产品产业内贸易水平较低,仅个别农水产品产业内贸易水平较高。从变化趋势看,加权产业内贸易指数呈平稳递增态势,波动幅度不大,仅个别年份略有下降。从影响因素看,规模经济与产业内贸易指数存在正向协整关系,收入差距与之存在反向关系,而贸易开放度与其协整关系不明显。     

Inventory Planning for a Modular Product Family

This paper is motivated by observing that an increasing number of firms are offering modular products assembled with multiple option choices for the consumer. Starting with the PC offerings by Dell which allowed (and still allows) users to configure their product by choosing among multiple choices for each option, the current market place seems to have evolved to a make‐to‐stock scenario where Apple offers its IPAD series with multiple models each with a unique storage size, color, and wireless chip technology. The focus of our work is on determining the optimal stocking level of modular end‐products. Our analysis is based on a benchmark model with the aim of maximizing expected profit subject to an aggregate fill rate constraint as well as variant‐specific individual fill rates under a make‐to‐stock setting. To further assess the robustness of our finding, we consider the extensions of correlated market preferences over options, price‐dependent demand, and alternative probability distributions for characterizing uncertainty in market preferences or aggregate demand. Finally we also show how to extend the single period model into a multiple‐period setting. Through extensive computational analysis, we find that more precise estimates of market preferences for various modular options constitute extremely valuable information that goes beyond the usefulness of forecasts of aggregate market demand. From a practical perspective, this might be indicative of another classic marketing‐operations trade‐off. Offering more options for consumers would be preferred by marketing managers since this would reach more consumers and hence, enhance product sales. On the other hand, the ability to obtaining greater forecast accuracy would decline when the number of options increase. Hence, from an operational perspective, it would be preferred to limit option choices (so that better forecasts can be obtained) since this would lead to lower stocking costs and hence, higher profits.