农村劳动力流出与粮食规模化生产：“一致”抑或“冲突”？——基于湖南乡村调查分析

农村劳动力流出对粮食规模化生产有重要影响。本文通过对湖南不同类型村庄的实地调查,发现农村劳动力流出对粮食规模化生产影响是有差异的．那些粮食生产条件相对较好村庄的劳动力不断流出有利于加快推进粮食适度规模化生产．但要想使规模化水平达到理想状态还需要政府实施组合拳。而在那些粮食生产条件相对较差村庄的劳动力不断流出并不一定能促进粮食规模化生产．相反还可能抑制其发展。为推进农村劳动力有序流出和加快粮食适度规模化生产．在保障农村流出的劳动力就业基础上．应该加快培养留守职业农民和制定支持粮食规模化生产的激励政策．降低农户种粮的成本．增强规模化种粮的吸引力。     

金融规模、所有制结构与城镇就业容量——基于1997—2012年中国省级面板数据的分析

基于1997—2012年中国省级面板数据,运用系统广义矩估计法(SYSGMM),估计了金融规模对于城镇就业容量的效应,并对不同样本组分别估计,以观察地区差异。整体估计结果表明,无论以人员规模还是以增加值规模作为解释变量,估计系数均显著为正,其平方项的系数显著为负。这意味着金融规模能够促进城镇就业,但该效应递减,超过一定临界值将转为抑制效应。分组估计结果表明,金融规模扩张的就业效应在非公有制经济较发达的地区更明显,在非公有制经济欠发达的地区不明显,甚至表现为抑制效应。这意味着一个地区的所有制结构对金融规模与城镇就业的关系有重要影响。为增进金融发展的就业效应,我国一方面应讲求金融增长质量,实现有序适度扩张;另一方面要深化企业改革,激励非公有制经济进一步释放市场活力,以消除金融系统在资源配置中的扭曲效应。     

政府规模、支出结构与经济增长：基于中国数据的经验研究

借以一个标准的新古典经济增长模型为基础,利用中国各省区的数据,考察政府规模和政府支出结构对经济增长的影响,希望为理解中国经济持续增长提供一个视角。研究结果表明,在本区间里,地方政府规模与地区劳动生产率水平之间显著正相关,但与地区劳动生产率增长关系不明显;在一定程度上,地方政府效率与政府规模之间存在替代关系;地方政府的生产性支出和非生产性支出对生产率增长均有积极影响;地方财政支出结构对投资有十分显著的影响,反映了地方政府有很强的投资偏好。     

“逐步减少适用死刑罪名”之探究

现在世界刑事法律的一般发展趋势是废除死刑或者限制死刑,在刚刚召开的中共十八届三中全会的公报中提到我国要逐步较少适用死刑罪名。提出的适用死刑罪名包括：世界各国死刑罪名的废除和大量削减;我国死刑罪名设置较多,但是死刑使用率不高。通过对＂逐步减少＂适用与＂废除＂适用的不同以及对逐步减少适用＂死刑罪名＂与＂死刑＂的不同进行比较,不仅明确了其基本含义,而且明确了这是一个立法问题而非司法问题,进而探究了在我国实现逐步减少适用死刑罪名的现实途径,以期对未来死刑的研究以及司法实践有所促进,以期更好地保障人权。     

Government size and economic growth in Taiwan: A threshold regression approach

The Armey curve developed by [Armey, R. (1995). The freedom revolution. Washington, DC: Rognery Publishing Co.] and [Vedder, R. K., & Gallaway, L. E. (1998). Government size and economic growth. Joint Economic Committee] demonstrates that there is a non-linear relationship between government size and economic growth. In order to search for the threshold effects, this paper employs [Hansen, B. E. (2000). Sample splitting and threshold estimation. Econometrica, 68(3), 575–603] threshold regression model to test whether the Armey curve exists in Taiwan, allowing for endogenous government size thresholds. We apply the two-sector production function developed by [Ram, R. (1986). Government size and economic growth: A new framework and some evidence from cross-section and time-series data. American Economic Review, 76(1), 191–203] to construct the threshold regression model. Three classifications of government size are tested in sequence as threshold variables. The result indicates that all three classifications of government size have a threshold effect and that a non-linear relationship of the Armey curve exists in Taiwan.     

什么决定了企业的最佳规模?——关于企业规模的研究述评

企业规模问题是企业理论中的焦点问题,通过从市场范围、生产要素、交易费用、产权、激励成本和信息成本等六个方面综合考察决定企业规模的因素以及相应的实证研究结果,指出了关于企业规模的企业理论对企业并购的理论启示和现实意义,并展望了今后的研究前景。     

Are corrupt acts contagious?: Evidence from the United States

This paper adds to the literature by shedding new light on the causes of corruption. Specifically, we provide evidence on the extent to which corruption might be contagious. In other words, what is the extent to which a demonstration effect is at play at inducing corrupt acts? Using state-level U.S. data over the 1995–2004 period, the results show that the effect of neighboring corruption is positive and statistically significant in all cases, implying that corruption does appear to be contagious. Specifically, a 10% increase in corruption in neighboring states appears to increase corruption in a state by about 4–11%. Of the different types of government activity, the size of defense and non-defense federal sectors in a state seem to have opposite effects on corruption, with the former contributing to corruption and the latter serving as a deterrent. The size of the state and local governments does not seem to be relevant. Of the variables controlling for detection and punishment of corrupt individuals, greater corrections employment reduces corruption, while greater judicial employment seems to increase corruption. Changes in the police force do not seem to have a statistically significant impact. These findings generally hold when we control for the disproportionate effects of the Washington, DC area and when a pooled data set is estimated. Contagion effects are also found for other crimes. Policy implications are discussed.     

会计师事务所规模扩张与审计市场集中度背离的探讨

提高审计市场集中度有助于提高审计独立性 ,而规模扩张无疑是提高审计市场集中度的最直接方法 ,通过对市场选择下事务所规模化历程的分析 ,指出规模扩张有其内生性 ,我国事务所合并是政府选择的结果 ,单纯的政府推动并不能提高市场集中度     

Sample Size Calculation and Blinded Sample Size Recalculation in Clinical Trials Where the Treatment Effect is Measured by the Relative Risk

In clinical trials with binary endpoints, the required sample size does not depend only on the specified type I error rate, the desired power and the treatment effect but also on the overall event rate which, however, is usually uncertain. The internal pilot study design has been proposed to overcome this difficulty. Here, nuisance parameters required for sample size calculation are re-estimated during the ongoing trial and the sample size is recalculated accordingly. We performed extensive simulation studies to investigate the characteristics of the internal pilot study design for two-group superiority trials where the treatment effect is captured by the relative risk. As the performance of the sample size recalculation procedure crucially depends on the accuracy of the applied sample size formula, we firstly explored the precision of three approximate sample size formulae proposed in the literature for this situation. It turned out that the unequal variance asymptotic normal formula outperforms the other two, especially in case of unbalanced sample size allocation. Using this formula for sample size recalculation in the internal pilot study design assures that the desired power is achieved even if the overall rate is mis-specified in the planning phase. The maximum inflation of the type I error rate observed for the internal pilot study design is small and lies below the maximum excess that occurred for the fixed sample size design.     

Three-stage designs for monitoring clinical trials

Optimal three-stage designs with equal sample sizes at each stage are presented and compared to fixed sample designs, fully sequential designs, designs restricted to use the fixed sample critical value at the final stage, and to modifications of other group sequential designs previously proposed in the literature. Typically, the greatest savings realized with interim analyses are obtained by the first interim look. More than 50% of the savings possible with a fully sequential design can be realized with a simple two-stage design. Three-stage designs can realize as much as 75% of the possible savings. Without much loss in efficiency, the designs can be modified so that the critical value at the final stage equals the usual fixed sample value while maintaining the overall level of significance, alleviating some potential confusion should a final stage be necessary. Some common group sequential designs, modified to allow early acceptance of the null hypothesis, are shown to be nearly optimal in some settings while performing poorly in others. An example is given to illustrate the use of several three-stage plans in the design of clinical trials.