对高校校园绿化养护管理的思考

校园绿化是校园建设的组成部分，绿化养护管理决定着校园绿化水平。以山西农业大学为例，借鉴一些兄弟院校的经验，论述了校园绿化的功能和原则，绿化养护的特点与对策，旨在进一步提高校园绿化的总体水平。     

高等院校在校生发生人身伤害的责任分析

对我国高等院校在校生的年龄段及民事行为能力、权利能力进行了划分和分析，论述了高校与学生之间的法律关系，提出了将年满１６ 岁不满１８ 岁的大学生确定为完全行为能力人的立法建议；论证了在高校内发生学生人身伤害事件的种类及责任承担原则     

Calibration of FI‐ISK,an Invasiveness Screening Tool for Nonnative Freshwater Invertebrates

The Freshwater Invertebrate Invasiveness Scoring Kit (FI‐ISK) is proposed as a screening tool for identifying potentially invasive freshwater invertebrates. FI‐ISK was adapted from the Fish Invasiveness Scoring Kit (FISK) of Copp, Garthwaite, and Gozlan, which is an adapted form of the Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) of Pheloung, Williams, and Halloy. Initial assessments using FI‐ISK, which include confidence (certainty/uncertainty) rankings by the assessor to each response, were calibrated to determine the most appropriate score thresholds for classifying nonnative species into low‐, medium‐, and high‐risk categories, using both the original medium‐to‐high risk threshold scores for the WRA (i.e., ≥6) and for FISK (i.e., ≥19). Patterns of the assessor's confidence, when making the responses during the FI‐ISK assessments, were also examined. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, FI‐ISK was shown to distinguish accurately (and with statistical confidence) between potentially invasive and noninvasive species of nonnative crayfish (Decapoda: Astacidae, Cambaridae, Parastacidae), with the statistically appropriate threshold score for high‐risk species scores being ≥16. FI‐ISK represents a useful and viable tool to aid decision‐ and policymakers in assessing and classifying freshwater invertebrates according to their potential invasiveness.     

试评述迪尔凯姆的《社会学方法的准则》

对迪尔凯姆著作之一《社会学方法的准则》进行了简单评述,介绍了他的社会学方法论,包括他对社会学研究对象的界定及如何去观察和解释研究对象的原则,以及社会学求证的具体方法.     

What Can Decision Analysis Do for Invasive Species Management?

Decisions about management of invasive species are difficult for all the reasons typically addressed by multiattribute decision analysis: uncertain outcomes, multiple and conflicting objectives, and many interested parties with differing views on both facts and values. This article illustrates how the tools of multiattribute analysis can improve management of invasive species, with an emphasis on making explicit the social values and preferences that must inform invasive species management. Risk assessment protocols developed previously for invasive species management typically suffer from two interacting flaws: (1) separating risk assessment from risk management, thus disrupting essential connections between the social values at stake in invasive species decisions and the scientific knowledge necessary to predict the likely impacts of management actions, and (2) relying on expert judgment about risk framed in qualitative and value-laden terms, inadvertently mixing the expert's judgment about what is likely to happen with personal preferences. Using the values structuring and probability-modeling elements of formal decision analysis can remedy these difficulties and make invasive species management responsive to both good science and public values. The management of feral pigs in Hawaiian ecosystems illustrates the need for such an integrated approach.     

历史唯物主义社会存在本原论的新见解与旧框架（下）

本文确认两种生产而不是一种生产对社会存在的本原地位 ,探讨种群生产的特殊规律和对社会存在与社会共同体的基础作用     

Risk Assessment for Invasive Species

Although estimates vary, there is a broad agreement that invasive species impose major costs on the U.S. economy, as well as posing risks to nonmarket environmental goods and services and to public health. The domestic effort to manage risks associated with invasive species is coordinated by the National Invasive Species Council (NISC), which is charged with developing a science-based process to evaluate risks associated with the introduction and spread of invasive species. Various international agreements have also elevated invasive species issues onto the international policy agenda. The World Trade Organization (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement establishes rights and obligations to adhere to the discipline of scientific risk assessment to ensure that SPS measures are applied only to the extent required to protect human, animal, and plant health, and do not constitute arbitrary or unjustifiable technical barriers to trade. Currently, however, the field of risk assessment for invasive species is in its infancy. Therefore, there is a pressing need to formulate scientifically sound methods and approaches in this emerging field, while acknowledging that the demand for situation-specific empirical evidence is likely to persistently outstrip supply. To begin addressing this need, the Society for Risk Analysis Ecological Risk Assessment Specialty Group and the Ecological Society of America Theoretical Ecology Section convened a joint workshop to provide independent scientific input into the formulation of methods and processes for risk assessment of invasive species to ensure that the analytic processes used domestically and internationally will be firmly rooted in sound scientific principles.     

Habitat origins and microhabitat preferences of urban plant species

Urban vegetation is commonly described as dominated by weedy species that are adapted to human disturbance. In this study, we determined the original (pre-agriculture) habitats of urban plant species sampled quantitatively in the spontaneous vegetation of a university campus in Halifax, Nova Scotia (eastern Canada). We sampled 11 distinct patch types corresponding to different built forms. Differences in vegetation among patch types were related in part to environmental variables such as soil moisture and light availability. The urban vegetation was dominated by species from rocky habitats such as cliffs and talus slopes, with lesser representation from grassland and floodplain habitats. When compared to a null model of species origins based on the global area and species richness of different original habitats, species from rock outcrops and grassland habitats were overrepresented in the urban vegetation. These results contrast with the received view that cities represented highly “unnatural” ecosystems: built form appears to replicate the habitat templates required by rock outcrop species. Urban ecological theory should incorporate the replication of habitat analogs by built forms in addition to the creation of ecologically novel habitats.     

大学校园中植物多样性调查———以福州地区为例简

当前大学校园环境的塑造广泛引起关注,一个大学校园环境塑造的好坏与其植物配置密切相关。对福州地区十个校园环境的植物进行调查,对其多样性进行总结。为植物配置、植材选择及校园环境塑造给予一定的参考及建议。