国有控股、市场竞争与股权激励效应————基于倾向得分匹配法的实证研究

结合代理理论和制度理论,运用倾向得分匹配法,研究国有控股和市场竞争这两种基本制度环境对股权激励与企业绩效相关关系的影响机制和作用效果发现：股权激励整体上存在激励效应,能显著提高企业绩效;国有控股削弱了股权激励的实施效果,相对于非国有企业,股权激励对国有企业的激励效应并不显著;产品市场竞争强化了股权激励与企业绩效的正向关系,竞争程度越高,股权激励效果越好;市场竞争一定程度上提高了国有企业股权激励的实施效果,在竞争程度高的国企样本中,股权激励显现出了显著的激励效应。研究结论表明,制度环境是股权激励发挥作用的重要前提,深化国有企业产权改革、完善产品市场竞争是提高股权激励效果的关键。     

基于感知价值和参考群体的低碳旅游参与意愿测度与模拟路径

随着旅游者环境意识的不断增强,人们的消费行为对环境产生的影响也越来越受到关注。从低碳旅游感知价值和参考群体的影响作用出发,构建"90后"低碳旅游参与意愿的结构方程模型,并进行了假设的验证。研究结果表明:情感价值和社会价值对"90后"低碳旅游参与意愿具有显著的正向影响,而功能价值对这个年龄群体的低碳旅游参与意愿的显著正向影响在本文中未得到验证;主要参考群体(父母、亲戚)和次要参考群体(同学、朋友)虽然对"90后"低碳旅游参与意愿都正向影响显著,但次要参考群体的影响程度要高于主要参考群体的。研究认为,"90后"正不断成为消费的新生力量,在这个消费群体中推广低碳旅游得到的效用很重要,这种效用是从感知质量和期望绩效比较中以及短期和长期感知成本的降低中得到的。此外,发挥同学朋友的参考群体作用,也可以提高此类人群的低碳旅游参与意愿。     

非范畴化与回文结构逆向对称重叠

回文语言的独特性,绝妙的文字驾驭,是其它修辞所无法比拟的。从认知语言学角度分析回文的语义范畴,认为回文语义存在一定非范畴化特征,即在语义上表现为范畴成员逆向对称重叠的并列组合关系;句法上,范畴成员位置移动,突破了组合关系或聚合关系的常规限制,使得回文的后部分语义发生非范畴化变异;语境上,在认知参照点的作用下,回文的前后部分语义关系可能相似而形成统一关系,也可能相反而产生对立关系。这种关系使得回文语义发生非范畴化变异,在语用功能上违背了常规语言关系的限制,从而实现回文前景化语言的震撼性修辞表达效果。     

Handling Missing Values in Longitudinal Panel Data With Multiple Imputation

This article offers an applied review of key issues and methods for the analysis of longitudinal panel data in the presence of missing values. The authors consider the unique challenges associated with attrition (survey dropout), incomplete repeated measures, and unknown observations of time. Using simulated data based on 4 waves of the Marital Instability Over the Life Course Study (n = 2,034), they applied a fixed effect regression model and an event‐history analysis with time‐varying covariates. They then compared results for analyses with nonimputed missing data and with imputed data both in long and in wide structures. Imputation produced improved estimates in the event‐history analysis but only modest improvements in the estimates and standard errors of the fixed effects analysis. Factors responsible for differences in the value of imputation are examined, and recommendations for handling missing values in panel data are presented.     

基于中国上市公司的资本结构、社会责任与企业绩效分析

以2009～2013年间我国A股上市公司的数据为样本,探讨了资本结构、社会责任和企业绩效之间的关系.通过构建面板数据回归模型,并采用广义最小二乘法对面板模型进行估计.研究表明,企业社会责任水平与资本结构负相关,社会责任水平的高低对资本结构与企业绩效的关系有调节作用:当企业社会责任水平较高时,资本结构与企业绩效负相关;当企业社会责任水平较低时,资本结构与企业绩效正相关,资本结构对企业绩效的影响效果随着社会责任水平的变化而变化.     

A Bayesian estimate of the concordance correlation coefficient with skewed data

Concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) is one of the most popular scaled indices used to evaluate agreement. Most commonly, it is used under the assumption that data is normally distributed. This assumption, however, does not apply to skewed data sets. While methods for the estimation of the CCC of skewed data sets have been introduced and studied, the Bayesian approach and its comparison with the previous methods has been lacking. In this study, we propose a Bayesian method for the estimation of the CCC of skewed data sets and compare it with the best method previously investigated. The proposed method has certain advantages. It tends to outperform the best method studied before when the variation of the data is mainly from the random subject effect instead of error. Furthermore, it allows for greater flexibility in application by enabling incorporation of missing data, confounding covariates, and replications, which was not considered previously. The superiority of this new approach is demonstrated using simulation as well as real‐life biomarker data sets used in an electroencephalography clinical study. The implementation of the Bayesian method is accessible through the Comprehensive R Archive Network. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A multilevel model with autoregressive components for the analysis of tribal art prices

In this paper, we introduce a multilevel model specification with time-series components for the analysis of prices of artworks sold at auctions. Since auction data do not constitute a panel or a time series but are composed of repeated cross-sections, they require a specification with items at the first level nested in time-points. Our approach combines the flexibility of mixed effect models together with the predicting performance of time series as it allows to model the time dynamics directly. Model estimation is obtained by means of maximum likelihood through the expectation–maximization algorithm. The model is motivated by the analysis of the first database ethnic artworks sold in the most important auctions worldwide. The results show that the proposed specification improves considerably over classical proposals both in terms of fit and prediction.     

Generalized Estimation of the BLUP in Mixed-Effects Models: A Comparison with ML and REML

The Best Linear Unbiased Predictor (BLUP) in mixed models is a function of the variance components and they are estimated using maximum likelihood (ML) or restricted ML methods. Nonconvergence of BLUP would occur due to a drawback of the standard likelihood-based approaches. In such situations, ML and REML either do not provide any BLUPs or all become equal. To overcome this drawback, we provide a generalized estimate (GE) of BLUP that does not suffer from the problem of negative or zero variance components, and compare its performance against the ML and REML estimates of BLUP. Simulated and published data are used to compare BLUP.     

A Parametric Bootstrap Test for Two-Way ANOVA Model Without Interaction Under Heteroscedasticity

In this article we consider the two-way ANOVA model without interaction under heteroscedasticity. For the problem of testing equal effects of factors, we propose a parametric bootstrap (PB) approach and compare it with existing the generalized F (GF) test. The Type I error rates and powers of the tests are evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. Our studies show that the PB test performs better than the GF test. The PB test performs very satisfactorily even for small samples while the GF test exhibits poor Type I error properties when the number of factorial combinations or treatments goes up. It is also noted that the same tests can be used to test the significance of random effect variance component in a two-way mixed-effects model under unequal error variances.     

社会主义新农村建设需要建立新型农民组织

社会主义新农村建设以农民为主体,有三个方面的具体要求,即充分尊重农民的意愿,不能搞成官员的“形象工程”;增进农民的福祉,不能搞成劳民伤财的“害民工程”;农民才是新农村建设事业真正的主力军,不能搞成专家学者的“明星工程”。农民是新农村建设的主体,是需要有具体的组织形式来实现的,在这个方面,我国台湾地区在20世纪70年代进行农村建设时有过许多经验和教训,其中最为重要的经验就是,要建设新农村,需要对农村的基层组织进行创新,以保证农民真正成为新农村建设的主力军,这一点非常重要。