Emotion Regulation in Low-income Preschoolers

The present study was concerned with identifying the causes of low-income preschoolers' negative emotions and their most common regulation responses. The relations of family socialization practices and temperament to the children's emotion regulation skills were also examined. Ninety predominantly minority low-income preschoolers (46 boys) and their mothers participated. During visits to the children's preschools, observers watched for expressions of anger and sadness, and recorded the causes of the displays and the children's reactions. Mothers reported on their emotion socialization and discipline practices and their children's temperament. Although the children expressed more anger than sadness, they used more constructive reactions in response to sadness and more non-constructive reactions in response to anger. Maternal reports of appropriate family emotion were associated with low levels of non-constructive regulation responses to anger and sadness whereas reports of inconsistent parental discipline were generally associated with non-constructive regulation responses. All in all, the findings of this study are in accord with findings on middle-income children and indicate that low- and middle-income children are more alike than different with regard to the regulation of negative emotion in the peer environment.     

资源型工矿业城市的再就业问题——以唐山市为例

资源型工矿业城市的再就业问题与其他城市相比具有特殊性和解决的紧迫性与困难性。本文以唐山市为例 ,在分析资源型工矿业城市再就业的困境及形成原因的基础上 ,探讨了这类城市再就业难题的解困思路     

文化视野下的《聊斋志异》科第观

从文化的角度,即从个体科场失意的心理与士子普遍的科举心态的层面上,从选贤用能与个体的怀才不遇层面上,从儒家传统文化的传承与八股取士的层面上,从公平竞争的科举选拔制度与试官腐败的层面上,辩证、历史与客观地审视蒲松龄的作品《聊斋志异》所表现出的科第观,重新解读《聊斋志异》的科第观所带给我们的启示。     

论中国近代警察制度的发展

南京国民政府时期,适应国民党独裁专制统治的需要,近代警察制度得到进一步发展。这个时期,进一步完备了从中央到地方的警察网,使之更加趋于严密;制定了大量的警察法规,逐步完善了警察的内部管理体制;警政建设多方加强,不断健全警察的社会管理职能;强化了对各类警务人员的教育训练,使整个警察队伍素质有所提高。     

OECD国家私有养老金在金融危机中的业绩及治理

2008年爆发的金融危机,对于世界经济产生了深刻的影响,其中一个非常重要的方面就是对养老金基金的影响。养老金基金在金融危机中大幅贬值,引起了人们对于过去三十多年的养老金制度改革的怀疑,是继续改革还是回到从前成为各国政府和理论界面临的一个难题。通过对OECD国家私有养老金基金的投资、业绩及治理情况的分析,我们基本上可以肯定,金融危机对于基金积累型的养老金制度的影响可能是巨大的,但却是暂时的,养老金基金的长期业绩是良好的。通过加强养老金基金的投资风险管理和合理的外部监督,私有养老金是能够成为人们退休收入保障的一个稳定的源泉的。     

孔子仁道观的主要特性及其现代启示论略——基于当今加强公民道德建设的路径探析

孔子仁道观的建立源自对＂仁＂的阐发,具有主体性、社会互动性和超越性等特性,并广泛地涉及到道德主体、道德互动、道德判断、道德能力、道德修养、道德境界和道德健康等哲学命题,构起了内涵丰富的仁道观。基于当今公民道德面临的新情况、新问题,重新审视这些特性,对当今加强公民道德建设不无启迪,主要包括：尊重道德主体的主体性;充分发挥道德行为过程中的社会互动功能;努力提高道德能力;不断提升道德境界和积极培养道德健康等等。这些都是当今加强公民道德建设中值得关切的问题,应当努力的方向和可供选择的路径。     

Relations among Sadness Regulation,Peer Acceptance,and Social Functioning in Early Adolescence: The Role of Gender

Using a multi‐informant approach, this study examined emotion regulation within the social context of White and Black adolescent peer groups by assessing two aspects of sadness expression management (i.e., inhibition, disinhibition) and their linkages to peer acceptance and social functioning as a function of gender and ethnicity. Seventh‐ and eighth‐grade adolescents (N = 155, 52 percent female, 54.8 percent Black) completed self‐reports and peer nominations of sadness management and sociometric ratings of peer acceptance. Parents rated their child's social competence and social problems. Results revealed specific patterns of sadness regulation across informants that were associated with social functioning and varied by gender, but not ethnicity. Boys were more likely than girls to minimize sadness displays; boys who violated this pattern had lower peer acceptance and higher parent‐rated social problems. In contrast, although girls were rated as displaying overt sadness more frequently than boys, this was unrelated to peer acceptance.     

Caregiver Emotional Expressiveness,Child Emotion Regulation,and Child Behavior Problems among Head Start Families

The present study examined the relationships between caregivers' self‐reported positive and negative emotional expressiveness, observer assessments of children's emotion regulation, and teachers' reports of children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors in a sample of 97 primarily African American and Hispanic Head Start families. Results indicated that higher caregiver negativity and lower child emotion regulation independently predicted more internalizing behavior problems in children. Additionally, children's externalizing behavior problems were negatively predicted by caregivers' self‐reports of positive emotional expressiveness. Importantly, results also suggested that caregivers' emotional expressiveness and children's behavioral problems may be non‐linearly related, and that child gender may play an important moderating role. These results emphasize the importance of family emotional climate and child emotion regulation in the behavioral development of preschool‐age children, and highlight the need for improved theoretical and practical understanding of socioemotional development in diverse populations.     

Effects of a Punitive Environment on Children's Executive Functioning: A Natural Experiment

Few studies have examined the influence of environmental factors on children's executive functioning (EF) performance. The present study examined the effects of a punitive vs. non‐punitive school environment on West African children's EF skills. Tasks included a ‘cool’ (relatively non‐affective) and ‘hot’ (relatively affective/motivational) version of three EF tasks: delay of gratification; gift delay; and dimensional change card sort. Children had more difficulties with the hot versions of the tasks than the cool versions, and older children outperformed younger children. After controlling for verbal ability (Peabody picture vocabulary test‐third edition), a consistent pattern of interaction between school and grade level emerged. Overall, kindergarten children in the punitive school performed no differently than their counterparts in the non‐punitive school. However, in grade 1, children in the punitive school performed significantly worse than their counterparts in the non‐punitive school. These results point to the need to consider interactions among discipline style, age, and internalization processes of self‐regulation to better understand environmental influences on EF development.     

辩证的翻译观探析——论翻译中的矛盾统一性

翻译中矛盾丛生,其中有忠于作者与忠于读者的矛盾,克己意识与创造意识的矛盾,作者风格与译者风格的矛盾,科学性与艺术性的矛盾,洋味与洋腔的矛盾,神似与形似的矛盾,异化与归化的矛盾,直译与意译的矛盾等。处理好矛盾双方的关系,坚持唯物辩证法,遵循对立统一原则,树立辩证的翻译观,做到二者统筹兼顾,找到双方都可接受的最佳融汇点,把握住翻译的分寸或度。