如何行成关系数据模型到面向对象数据模型的映射

关系数据模型是基于记录的基本数据模型;面向对象数据模型是基于对象的基本数据模型;两种数据模型在某种程度上应存在相互映射和相互转变的可能性,它们的相互映射和相互转变将使关系数据库和面向对象数据库之间的转变成为可能。     

Can we remember differently? A case study of the new culture of memory in voluntary organisations

This article analyses the positive contribution that Slovenian voluntary, non–governmental organisations, users' organisations and community–based services in the field of mental health have made to the 'new culture of memory' of helpers and users. The conceptual differences between Slovenian psychiatric (institutional) treatment and voluntary community care are presented through the case study of Clare, a young woman who was diagnosed as a chronic schizophrenic. This example shows the importance of community care in voluntary organisations for the reduction of disability associated with mental disorders. The development of the new culture of memory in voluntary organisations and community–based services is not only the 'narrative turn' within social welfare, but also symbolises the 'implicit turn' in the relationship between the helper and the user. The real challenge of the new culture of memory in the process of help to disabled people (in respect of individuals working through traumatic memories) is that the helper can bear and support the user on a daily basis. During the process of their relationship, the deep implicit relational memories of both become activated and influence the change within the user as well as the helper.     

Sampling from spatial databases

This paper deals with techniques for obtaining random point samples from spatial databases. We seek random points from a continuous domain (usually ²) which satisfy a spatial predicate that is represented in the database as a collection of polygons. Several applications of spatial sampling (e.g. environmental monitoring, agronomy, forestry, etc) are described. Sampling problems are characterized in terms of two key parameters: coverage (selectivity), and expected stabbing number (overlap). We discuss two fundamental approaches to sampling with spatial predicates, depending on whether we sample first or evaluate the predicate first. The approaches are described in the context of both quadtrees and R-trees, detailing the sample first, acceptance/rejection tree, and partial area tree algorithms. A sequential algorithm, the one-pass spatial reservoir algorithm is also described. The relative performance of the various sampling algorithms is compared and choice of preferred algorithms is suggested. We conclude with a short discussion of possible extensions.     

固定资产投资对经济增长影响的关联度研究——以哈尔滨市为例

固定资产的分类投入在不同时期从不同程度上影响着区域的经济增长。以哈尔滨市1978—2005年的固定资产及其分类投入和区域生产总值数据作为研究基础,运用灰色斜率关联度作为计算工具,克服了邓氏关联度需要用参考点,在计算时要对原始数据进行标准化处理,且容易出现只有一个序列起作用的情况,对哈尔滨市固定资产行业(部门)的分类投入与区域生产总值的动态经济依存关系和经济结构进行了详细地剖析,从新的角度得出基本结论:基础设施行业(部门)投资对经济发展起着重要作用并逐步增强,但是工业部门对经济发展的作用仍然处在首位,同时哈尔滨市的服务业对经济发展的作用并没有发挥出来。     

草地早熟禾主要经济性状间的灰色关联分析

应用灰色关联分析方法研究了坪用草地早熟禾地上生物量、生殖枝数、生殖枝高、穗长、穗粒数、结实率等6个主要经济性状与种子产量以及各性状之间的关联程度。结果表明,各性状与种子产量之间的关联度大小依次为单位面积生殖枝数＞单位面积地上生物量＞生殖技高＞穗长＞结实率＞穗粒数。地上生物量对生殖校高、生殖枝数和穗长的影响较大。     

基层政府运行中的过度关系化现象——一个政府行为的组织制度与关系网络的竞争逻辑

在中国基层政府的运行中,一个普遍存在的现象是,无论是正式权力的获取与行使,还是各类资源的竞争与分配,都存在着一种非正式的关系网络途径,这在一定程度上导致了基层政府的合法性危机。文章在综合人际关系学派、社会文化学派和关系网络学派的基础上,用＂过度关系化＂这一概念对这类现象进行了概括,并从政府制度的合法性机制与关系网络的效率机制之间的内在竞争逻辑出发,提出了三个解释性的命题：（1）竞争目标差异命题;（2）制度约束效力递减命题;（3）竞争成本比较命题。研究表明,过度关系化现象是组织制度的合法性机制与关系网络的效率机制之间不对称竞争的结果。而要对这一现象进行治理,就必须从稳定的组织制度体系与结构的改革入手,寻求组织制度与关系行为之间的平衡。     

Relational and Overt Aggression in Childhood and Adolescence: Clarifying Mean‐level Gender Differences and Associations with Peer Acceptance

Research on relational aggression has drawn attention to how girls may be likely to aggress, but the role of gender is not fully understood. There are opposing views regarding whether relational aggression is most common among girls. Current findings demonstrate that when gender differences in relational aggression are assessed with peer nominations, gender differences favoring girls are more likely: (1) in adolescence than childhood; and (2) when statistical overlap with overt aggression is controlled. Results also indicated that associations of relational aggression with peer acceptance depend on the aggressor's gender, the peer rater's gender, and whether overlap with overt aggression is controlled. Associations of relational aggression with lower acceptance became non‐significant when overt aggression was controlled, suggesting that relational aggression displayed in isolation may not damage acceptance. In fact, in mid‐adolescence, girls’ relational aggression predicted greater liking by boys. Reducing relational aggression among adolescent girls may be especially challenging if the behavior is linked with acceptance by boys.     

Enacting reflective and deliberative practices in action research

ABSTRACT

We consider action research as a form of deliberative policy analysis. This analysis explores a “reconstruction clinic” in which stakeholders and public officials engaged memories, hopes and obligations as they sought to resolve controversies over details of policy implementation. We ask how institutional design shaped participants’ reflective and deliberative progress. Reflection in action can prompt not only changes in cognitive frames, but new behavioural capacities for action. Deliberative practices can shape new relationships between parties through the work of apology, recognition, appreciation, and emergent collaboration.     

Distributed intervention: networked content moderation in anonymous mobile spaces

Given recent public focus on the use of digital tools to engage in discrimination and harassment, online platforms have come under increasing scrutiny to address online incivility. Many of these efforts have been critiqued for relying too heavily on technical tools or burdening individuals with the responsibility for reporting inappropriate actions. This research examines practices of digital bystander intervention on the anonymous localized mobile app Yik Yak. Through an analysis of the firsthand experiences of college students in the United States, this research identifies and investigates practices of networked intervention—that is, strategies of content moderation where success relies on collective action. Rooted in a general uncertainty and skepticism regarding reporting tools provided by the platform, findings suggest a preference for intervention practices that depend on distributed responsibility and networked activity. Taking inspiration from research on college bathroom graffiti—a parallel discursive environment—this paper employs the feminist theory of relational autonomy to explore the possibilities and limitations of networked intervention to cultivate individual and collective empowerment.     

邢台和天津大气污染物影响因素的灰色关联分析

空气污染已成为我国最受关注的环境问题。文章利用灰色关联分析模型研究了天津市和邢台市大气污染源与污染物浓度的关系。基于2013年到2016年空气质量数据和社会经济数据,分析邢台和天津的大气污染物来源,邢台和天津大气主要污染源分别为工业、常住人口、农业、汽车保有量。研究发现,工业体系对邢台空气质量影响最大,常住人口对天津市空气质量影响最大。结果表明,影响不同城市空气质量的主要污染源并不一致。因此,不同地区在大气污染治理过程中应根据自身特点采取相应的措施。