“苏南模式”城市化进程中的农村相对贫困问题

在区域经济整体繁荣的苏南地区 ,也存在明显的农村相对贫困问题 ,表现出就业类型的传统化 ,贫困线水平的高端化、贫富差距的扩大化、弱势群体的“赤贫化”等特点。认为“苏南模式”城市化自有的特点和不足 ,导致农民交换权利的不断恶化 ,是造成农村产生相对贫困的根本原因 ,并据此提出了相应的对策。     

收入均等、效率优先--凯恩斯主义的公平、效率和分配观

凯恩斯主义的公平效率观是一种收入均等化意义上的公平效率观,它主张通过增税、增加政府支出和转让支付,达到提高收入均等化水平和经济效率的目的.对于我国社会主义市场经济建设来说,凯恩斯主义的理论、政策主张及其公平效率观有一定的借鉴价值,也有较大的局限性.     

我国城镇居民消费状况的定量分析

在消费水平模型的基础上，对影响消费水平的各动因作了完整的边际分析，指出各因素对消费水平的影响程度。计算了我国一些代表年份的恩格尔系数并建立了三个结构模型以说明消费结构的变化。综合消费水平及消费结构的变化情况，对我国城镇居民的消费状况进行了回顾并对消费状况的现状作了比较完整的定量分析。     

数据挖掘在教学测评系统中的应用与研究

教学测评是教学管理过程中的重要环节。将数据挖掘运用于教学测评之中,可以提高教学评价技术水平。利用数据挖掘方法中的聚类分析和Apriori算法相结合,从而对测评系统数据进行关联规则挖掘。     

College Women’s Plans for Different Types of Egalitarian Marriages

This study examined college women’s plans for egalitarian marriages. One hundred and forty‐four heterosexual undergraduate women completed surveys about their preferences for different life scenarios and their attitudes about work and family life. The pattern of their preferences showed a distinction between home‐centered, balanced, and job‐centered egalitarian families. Regressions showed that gender ideology, ideas about parenting and motherhood, career orientation, and family dynamics were associated differentially with the three types of egalitarian families, which reflected the different values that underlay the pursuit of each. The results also cast doubt on whether outsourcing is truly an egalitarian path. Outsourcing domestic labor may simply be a means for women to pursue careers without achieving real equality in families.     

Diversity and equality: Race and class in America

Discussions of diversity, multiculturalism, and democracy often neglect the historical and structural economic and political inequalities embedded in these racial/ethnic/cultural differences among peoples in America. In this article we present a historical materialist analysis of African Americans and other oppressed peoples within the context of capitalist development. The current period of the electronic revolution and the labor displacing technology of the postindustrial era is creating the conditions for the erosion of the reform based social contract, and for heightened degrees of economic and political polarization, often expressed as racial polarization. At the same time, the abundance created by the high technology revolution contains the possibility of realizing equality and democracy for African Americans and for all of the American peoples.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1992 annual meetings of the American Sociological Association in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.     

Patterns of Spending Behavior and the Relative Position in the Income Distribution: Some Empirical Evidence

A model integrating the permanent income and relative income hypotheses was employed to explain consumer expenditure behavior in the U.S. The model was empirically tested using data from the interview survey portion of the 1996 and 1997 Consumer Expenditure Survey. The results indicate that household expenditure behavior is generally explained by both hypotheses when integrated in one model.     

On the wald,lagrangian multiplier and likelihood ratio tests when the information matrix is singular

Summary Modified formulas for the Wald and Lagrangian multiplier statistics are introduced and considered together with the likelihood ratio statistics for testing a typical null hypothesisH ₀ stated in terms of equality constraints. It is demonstrated, subject to known standard regularity conditions, that each of these statistics and the known Wald statistic has the asymptotic chi-square distribution with degrees of freedom equal to the number of equality constraints specified byH ₀ whether the information matrix is singular or nonsingular. The results of this paper include a generalization of the results of Sively (1959) concerning the equivalence of the Wald, Lagrange multiplier and likelihood ratio tests to the case of singular information matrices.     

具有非可微激活函数的神经网络性能分析

神经网络已广泛应用于各类问题，然而ＢＰ算法要求有连续且可微的激活函数，文中提出一种用于训练非可微激活函数的神经网络学习算法。同时，利用相对熵误差测度，算法被完整地导出。实验结果表明，在解决异或问题、编码／解码问题及其补问题时，算法收敛速度非常快，收敛结果也令人满意。     

初始点任意优化问题的广义梯度投影法

利用广义投影与罚函数技巧和辅助规划处理带等式和不等式约束问题以及采用二阶段搜索方法，给出了一个初始点可任意的带不等式和等式约束的优化问题的广义梯度投影算法，并证明了该算法具有全局收敛性。文中削弱了文献［１］的条件，保持了它的优越性，罚参数在计算过程中自动调整且只需适当大，因此，在实际运用中不会有太大的困难。