A brief proof on the generalized variance bound of the relative efficiency in statistics

In this paper, we obtain a brief proof on the generalized varance bound of the relative efficiency that was simultaneously given by Bloomfield and Watson(1975) and by Knott (1975).     

Tests of hypotheses based on ranks in the general linear model

A unified approach is developed for testing hypotheses in the general linear model based on the ranks of the residuals. It complements the nonparametric estimation procedures recently reported in the literature. The testing and estimation procedures together provide a robust alternative to least squares. The methods are similar in spirit to least squares so that results are simple to interpret. Hypotheses concerning a subset of specified parameters can be tested, while the remaining parameters are treated as nuisance parameters. Asymptotically, the test statistic is shown to have a chi-square distribution under the null hypothesis. This result is then extended to cover a sequence of contiguous alternatives from which the Pitman efficacy is derived. The general application of the test requires the consistent estimation of a functional of the underlying distribution and one such estimate is furnished.     

On tail-ordering and comparison of failure rates

In this paper, we have studied some implications between tail-ordering (also known as dispersive ordering) and failure rate ordering (also called TP₂ ordering) of two probability distribution functions. Based on independent random samples from these distributions, a class of distribution-free tests has been proposed for testing the null hypothesis that the two life distributions are identical against the alternative that one failure rate is uniformly smaller than the other. The tests have good efficiencies as compared to their competitors.     

Quantitative Methods for Environmental Justice Assessment of Transportation

Application of Executive Order 12898 to risk assessment of highway or rail transport of hazardous materials has proven difficult; in general, the location and conditions affecting the propagation of a plume of hazardous material released in a potential accident are unknown. Therefore, analyses have only been possible in a geographically broad or approximate manner. The advent of geographic information systems and development of software enhancements at Sandia National Laboratories have made kilometer-by-kilometer analysis of populations tallied by U.S. Census blocks along entire routes practicable. Tabulations of total or racially/ethnically distinct populations close to a route, its alternatives, or the broader surrounding area, can then be compared and differences evaluated statistically. This article presents methods of comparing populations and their racial/ethnic compositions using simple tabulations, histograms, and chi-square tests for statistical significance of differences found. Two examples of these methods are presented: comparison of two routes and comparison of a route with its surroundings.     

物理考核的一种量化方式

本文依据物理试题涉及的知识面和解题曲折程度，定认了物理试题难度的新概念，并从这种难度定义确定物理度卷的考核量，提出物理考核量化运作的一种新的方式。     

我国民事举证期限制度的立法缺陷与完善

我国民事举证期限制度的发展经历了随时提出主义阶段、形式的适时提出主义阶段和适时提出主义阶段等三个时期。最高人民法院《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》确立了严格的证据期限制度,但该制度存在以下缺陷:对逾期举证的制裁过于严厉;没有健全的配套措施;确定举证期限的立法不够完善;法院不适当履行释明义务的救济措施缺失。因此,建议在借鉴国外相关立法并结合中国实际情况的基础上对民事举证期限制度作出有针对性的修改。     

理想气体平均相对速率公式的证明

依据麦克斯韦速度分布律，证明了现行热学教科书中未予证明的关系式：．所用方法简单明了，具有普通物理的特点，对热学课教学具有一定的参考意义．     

Cellular telephones and motor-vehicle collisions: Some variations on matched-pairs analysis

We describe the analysis of some matched-pair binary data arising from a study designed to investigate whether cellular-telephone use is associated with motor-vehicle collisions. Conditional and random effects approaches to the problem are derived and compared. Driving intermittency is a potential confounder whose effect is assessed by strategic choices of the control period and by application of the bootstrap. The marked discrepancy between the conditional and random approaches merits further study.     

几种方差概念的比较

当分布数列中各标志值代表的含义不完全一样时，方差仅仅描述总体的离散程度，而半方差概念则能更准确地描述所关注的标志值的离散程度；相对方差反映的是分布数列中各标志值的相对离散程度，与标准差系数一样，相对方差可用于不同性质、不同单位或具有不同水平的数列的离散程度的比较，而方差却不适合用于这种比较；半相对方差是综合了半方差和相对方差优点的一个新指标。上述几种方差概念，从不同视角描述了数列的离散程度，各有优劣点，而且相互间有着紧密的联系。     

必要共犯的若干问题检讨——以共犯的处罚根据为视角

关于共犯的处罚根据,主要有责任共犯论、违法共犯论和因果共犯论(又称为惹起说,包括纯粹惹起说、修正惹起说和混合惹起说)。责任共犯论、违法共犯论和修正惹起说坚持绝对的违法的连带性;纯粹惹起说坚持绝对的违法的相对性;混合惹起说肯定部分的违法的相对性。必要的共犯,分为多众犯和对向犯。法律明文规定处罚以外的对向方的行为,不能作为共犯进行处罚。