Comparison of the Historic Recycling Risk for BSE in Three European Countries by Calculating the Basic Reproduction Ratio R0

A deterministic model of BSE transmission is used to calculate the R(0) values for specific years of the BSE epidemics in the United Kingdom (UK), the Netherlands (NL), and Switzerland (CH). In all three countries, the R(0) values decreased below 1 after the introduction of a ban on feeding meat and bone meal (MBM) to ruminants around the 1990s. A variety of additional measures against BSE led to further decrease of R(0) to about 0.06 in the years around 1998. The calculated R(0) values were consistent with the observations made on the surveillance results for UK, but were partially conflicting with the surveillance results for NL and CH. There was evidence for a dependency of the BSE epidemic in NL and CH from an infection source not considered in the deterministic transmission model. Imports of MBM and feed components can be an explanation for this discrepancy, and the importance of imports for these observations is discussed.     

论关联和照应及其之间关系

文章基于关联和照应两个概念,较为详细地阐述了关联与照应的蕴涵意义,从语用学角度加以分析,论证话语交际要达到的目的,指出:要提高人们对话语的认知,必须了解关联和照应是影响话语意义的两个主要部分,理清二者之间的关系,以使话语能够更成功地传递信息。     

Enhancing the Practical Relevance of Research

This article seeks to encourage scholars to conduct research that is more relevant to the decisions faced by managers and policymakers, and addresses why research relevance matters, what relevance means in terms of a journal article, and how scholars can increase the relevance of their research. I define relevant research papers as those whose research questions address problems found (or potentially found) in practice and whose hypotheses connect independent variables within the control of practitioners to outcomes they care about using logic they view as feasible. I provide several suggestions for how scholars can enhance research relevance, including engaging practitioners in on‐campus encounters, at managerial conferences, and at crossover workshops; conducting site visits and practitioner interviews; working as a practitioner; and developing a practitioner advisory team. I describe several ways that scholars can convey relevant research insights into practitioners, including presenting at practitioner conferences, writing for practitioners in traditional crossover journals and in shorter pieces like op‐eds and blogs, and attracting the interest of those who write columns, blogs, and articles about research for practitioners. I conclude by describing a few ways that academic institutions can encourage more relevant research, focusing on journals, professional societies, and doctoral programs.     

北欧各国配子捐赠制度及其对我国的启示

配子捐赠有助于不孕不育患者实现为人父母的美好愿望。而随之产生的一系列伦理法律问题仍有待探讨解决。匿名配子捐赠存废问题、卵子捐赠的可接受性问题和捐赠配子的补偿问题是北欧各国讨论中较突出的问题。北欧国家对这些问题做了大量研究,积累了丰富经验,并制定了法律法规。中国的配子银行建设仍在起步阶段,需要借鉴北欧经验,以便更好地满足配子捐赠的需要。     

在绝望处寻找希望--论瓦尔特·本雅明的艺术发展观

瓦尔特·本雅明指出,由史诗分裂形成的三种文体———故事、小说、新闻消息等随着时代变迁,在艺术场的位置发生相应的变化。传统艺术灵韵消失,机械复制时代的电影等新艺术形式展示了全新的艺术功能。在《小说的危机》《讲故事的人》和《机械复制时代的艺术》等篇章中,本雅明深入探讨了从故事、小说到新闻、电影的艺术链条上展示出来的艺术形式演变以及艺术和技术的关系,进而提出了他的艺术发展观,即一时代必然有一时代之艺术。他强调,技术进步影响并改变了各种艺术形式、接受方式及其功能,现代技术在艺术变革中的潜能因而是绝对不可忽视的。     

关联理论与翻译

语用学理论中的关联理论对翻译具有极强的解释作用。本文根据语用学理论中的关联理论,从一个新的角度来看翻译的过程、翻译的标准和译者的素质。     

关联理论与广告效果

广告作为一种应用语言 ,不仅具有很高的商业价值和欣赏价值 ,同时它的语言研究价值也日益受到人们的重视。从认知语用学的角度出发 ,依据关联理论 ,对广告的认知推理过程加以分折 ,并结合语境效果和最佳关联的产生条件 ,探讨信息关联对广告效果的影响     

对节约型社会的政治经济学解读

当代中国节约型社会理念的提出,缘起于支撑经济增长的资源匮乏与环境退化。如果只从这一角度理解节约问题和构建节约型社会,那么,不仅在理论上是片面的,在实践上也会对节约型社会的建立形成限制。节约在社会再生产过程中具有生产、消费与人的全面发展效应。节约型社会的实质是人、社会经济关系与自然三个层次发展目标的高度和谐与统一,它部分体现了革命导师马克思、恩格斯对未来社会的伟大构想。     

从科学发展观的角度探析马克思社会再生产理论

科学发展观强调了经济和社会要和谐发展。马克思的社会再生产理论要体现科学的发展观,必须在经济系统和环境系统相统一、经济资源价值和环境资源价值相统一以及经济系统再生产和环境系统再生产相统一的前提下深化和发展。