论语言测试的信度与放度

This paper dwells on the two important factors--reliability and validity in language testing: explain the concepts of reliability and validity; factors influencing reliability and validity; possible ways to achieve high reliability and validity; comments on the modern language testing tendency on reliability and validity and authors' own ideas.     

在役混凝土构件可靠度分析

在役结构的现场检测是对结构可靠性评估的重要手段之一，以现有的研究成果来看，对在役结构评估时将结构的状态参数引入到结构的物理状态研究中尚不多见。基于以上考虑，为对在役结构可靠性作出客观评价，基于现场检测数据的处理，利用改进的一次二阶矩的可靠度分析方法，结合现行的混凝土结构设计规范，从正截面裂缝宽度角度对建筑工程中的受弯构件在均布荷载作用下的可靠性进行分析，并探讨其对构件可靠度的影响。     

Some remarks on classical and bayesian reliability estimation of binomial and poisson distributions

The problems of estimating the reliability function and Pr{X₁+...+X_k ≤ Y} are considered. The random variables X’s and Y are assumed to follow binomial and Poisson distributions. Classical estimators available in the literature are discussed and Bayes estimators are derived. In order to obtain the estimators of these parametric functions, the basic role is played by the estimators of factorial moments of the two distributions.     

XML技术在软件可靠性测试中的应用

软件的可靠性测试是保证软件质量的重要措施。应用XML保存软件可靠性测试中生成的测试用例,提出了XML测试用例模型,实现了XML测试用例文件生成器与测试引擎,用测试驱动程序来读取测试用例,驱动被测程序运行,自动比较测试结果。能够自动、高效地对软件接口进行测试,测试数据与测试驱动程序相分离,有利于测试数据的维护与重用,在实际应用中取得了很好的效果。     

Critical Assessment of the Foundations of Power Transmission and Distribution Reliability Metrics and Standards

The U.S. federal government regulates the reliability of bulk power systems, while the reliability of power distribution systems is regulated at a state level. In this article, we review the history of regulating electric service reliability and study the existing reliability metrics, indices, and standards for power transmission and distribution networks. We assess the foundations of the reliability standards and metrics, discuss how they are applied to outages caused by large exogenous disturbances such as natural disasters, and investigate whether the standards adequately internalize the impacts of these events. Our reflections shed light on how existing standards conceptualize reliability, question the basis for treating large‐scale hazard‐induced outages differently from normal daily outages, and discuss whether this conceptualization maps well onto customer expectations. We show that the risk indices for transmission systems used in regulating power system reliability do not adequately capture the risks that transmission systems are prone to, particularly when it comes to low‐probability high‐impact events. We also point out several shortcomings associated with the way in which regulators require utilities to calculate and report distribution system reliability indices. We offer several recommendations for improving the conceptualization of reliability metrics and standards. We conclude that while the approaches taken in reliability standards have made considerable advances in enhancing the reliability of power systems and may be logical from a utility perspective during normal operation, existing standards do not provide a sufficient incentive structure for the utilities to adequately ensure high levels of reliability for end‐users, particularly during large‐scale events.     

机车牵引电机电器故障可靠性诊断分析系统

为了提高机车研究、设计、制造以及维修水平,提高机车牵引电机、电器设备的可靠度,有必要开发机车牵引电视、电器故障可靠性诊断系统.文中介绍了在WINDOWS98下开发的机车牵引电机、电器故障可靠性诊断分析系统的设计方法和实现技术,主要包括系统目标、系统设计及实现中的关键技术.     

一种预测磁光盘可靠寿命的方法

提出了利用威布尔分布参数的图分析法预测磁光盘可靠寿命的方法，克服了以往仅针对单一或特定结构的分析，将磁光盘作为一个系统来综合考察，以误码率作为磁光盘的失效判据，通过对磁光盘两个温度点的高温恒定应力加速寿命试验结果的分析，计算出了磁光盘在 ２５℃正常大气条件下的可靠寿命。     

An Evidential Reasoning‐Based CREAM to Human Reliability Analysis in Maritime Accident Process

This article proposes a modified cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM) for estimating the human error probability in the maritime accident process on the basis of an evidential reasoning approach. This modified CREAM is developed to precisely quantify the linguistic variables of the common performance conditions and to overcome the problem of ignoring the uncertainty caused by incomplete information in the existing CREAM models. Moreover, this article views maritime accident development from the sequential perspective, where a scenario‐ and barrier‐based framework is proposed to describe the maritime accident process. This evidential reasoning‐based CREAM approach together with the proposed accident development framework are applied to human reliability analysis of a ship capsizing accident. It will facilitate subjective human reliability analysis in different engineering systems where uncertainty exists in practice.     

The Bayesian approach for highly reliable electro-explosive devices using one-shot device testing

Due to the high reliability and high testing cost of electro-explosive devices, even though an accelerated test is performed, one may observe very few failures or even no failures at all due to censoring. In this paper, we consider modelling the reliability of such devices by an exponential lifetime distribution in which the failure rate is assumed to be a function of some covariates and that the observed data are binary. The Bayesian approach, with three different prior settings, is used to develop inference on the failure rate, lifetime and the reliability under some settings. A Monte Carlo simulation study is carried out to show that this approach is quite useful and suitable for analysing data of the considered form, especially when the failure rates are very small. Finally, illustrative data are analysed using this approach.