宗教事务依法管理的路径及基础——以四川藏区依法治理为视角

Under the situation that traditional beliefs have remained basically unchanged while the social economy has developed and population mobility has increased, with the trend of an in-creasing diversity in beliefs, and an increasing number of religious followers and temples, the management of religious affairs has become more difficult. In ethnic areas, the speed of moderniza-tion has accelerated, ethnic interactions are fre-quent, and the beneficial conflict or cultural con-flict among various ethnic groups has become nor-mal; the impact of modernity, ways of life, the value and ideals of the temples’ traditional culture and educational model brings new social pressure for the monks who are adapting to modernization, and making a leap in development while safeguard-ing traditional rituals, culture, religious education and development. The number of criminal cases involving monks has increased, which brings a strong negative influence to the religious followers in Tibetan areas. All these factors are directly in-fluencing the stability and harmonious development of the Tibetan areas. As the second-largest Tibetan area, the geo-graphical location of Sichuan’s Tibetan areas is u-nique. In ancient times, the policy of “keeping the Tibetan areas stable means keeping Kham sta-ble at first” had been an important measure for the central government to manage all of the Tibetan ar-eas. From the Qing dynasty to the present times, it still has a practical use, and even has special val-ue in the process of safeguarding the “long-term stability of Sichuan”, especially when the people have but a hazy understanding of the relationship between the freedom of faith and managing reli-gious affairs according to the law in Tibetan areas, and one needs to have a legal response to it. Hence, “keeping Kham stable” needs to depend on the law, and legal means should be taken to safeguard the harmony and stability of the Tibetan areas in Sichuan. Management of the religious affairs according to the law is an inevitable requirement for China to promote the goal of ruling the country by law, com-prehensively deepen reform, and promote the mod-ernization of the country’s governance system and capability. Based on an active response to the guidance principle of strengthening the manage-ment of religious affairs according to the law pro-posed by the Central Government, and the Sichuan Provincial Government, we should standardize reli-gious activities and affairs, insist on a combination of legal management and policy guidance, adopt various measures, search for a practicable path to realize the significant goal of managing the religious affairs according to the law in Tibetan areas of Si-chuan. This article proposes some methods of man-aging the religious affairs according to the law as follows:1 ) To insist on the CPC’s leadership in reli-gious work and management of religious affairs;2 ) to actively and reliably promote the systematic con-
struction of the legalization of religious affairs;3 ) to insist on the combination of legal management and policy guidance;4 ) to encourage the public to manage religious affairs according to law; 5 ) to standardize the scale and number of monks by u-sing new methods of management;6 ) to strengthen the role of the “four troops” ( Party and Govern-ment leading cadres,ethnic religious work cadres, ethnic minority cadres and talents, and religious believers ) , especially religious believers; 7 ) to make full use of the regulatory framework of the Buddhist community; 8 ) to create conditions for those monks who wish to return to secular life;9 ) to distinguish the boundary between normal and il-legal religious activities, between folk custom and extreme religious concepts; 10 ) to identify and distinguish between “monks and lay people”, and“ordinary cases and religious cases”. At present, there are four foundations for managing religious affairs according to the law:1 ) the idea that freedom of faith is not only one’s right, but also one’s duty has gradually enjoyed popular support;2 ) there is a good policy base for managing religious affairs according to the law;3 ) there is a relatively strong theoretical basis for managing religious affairs according to the law;4 ) there exists good legal support for managing reli-gious affairs according to the law.     

Not a lonely crowd? Social connectedness,religious service attendance,and the spiritual but not religious

Using the 2006–2014 General Social Survey and 2006–2012 Portraits of American Life Study, I find that on three dimensions of social connectedness: social interaction frequency, core discussion network size, and number of close ties, that religious service attenders are more connected than religious non-attenders and then either spiritual nor religious, but there are few differences between attenders and the spiritual but not religious. Difference-in-differences and fixed-effects models show little evidence that switches between categories are associated with changes in connectedness, and additional models show that prior social connectedness explains only a small amount of future switches. This paper challenges assumptions that the non-religious are a homogenous group lacking the benefits provided though the social networks of religious congregations and has implications for research on what it means to be spiritual, measuring religion and spirituality, and understanding the role of formal organizations in social life.     

由“天”之意涵论儒家思想的宗教性

在先民的思想世界中,“天”兼具自然性与宗教性,但是在周以后,随着人文精神的觉醒,“天”的这两种性质逐渐分离开来,一方面是其自然性凸现出来而与人相分离;但更重要的是“天”的宗教性的意涵转化成为人的道德的根源,因而具有了本体论的意味,但它与人的终极关怀和功夫修养仍然紧密联系。因此,通过与西方理性主义思想传统的比较,我们可以发现儒学同时具有宗教性与哲学性的特质。     

论科学发展观的审美内涵与审美价值表现

科学发展观具有丰富的审美内涵。其审美价值表现为价值追求的崇高美,内在结构的和谐美,语言的简洁美,富有时代感的现实美,与时俱进的创新美等几个方面。     

新农村建设视域中的农民意愿考察与对策——以湖南农民意愿调查数据为例

建设社会主义新农村,要以科学发展观为指导,做到了解民心、体察民情、尊重民意。农民意愿考察就是对当前农村经济、政治、社会、文化四方面的农村社区民意进行系统的收集、整理和分析,并据此提出相应对策。     

中国宗教文化的特征及其生成原因

中西方宗教存在着重大的差别,而这种差别的根源就在于中国独特的历史国情和文化传统。宗教文化对于中华文明的发展有着广泛的渗透和持续的影响。中国宗教文化所具有的独特性其根源就在于中国传统的思维方式、文化背景及政治经济结构。     

在区域规划中坚持以人为本

以人为本是科学发展观的本质和核心。论文阐述了以人为本在区域规划中的含义和重要意义,认为在区域规划中应坚持以人为本,并将以人为本的理念落实于规划实践之中。为此,在区域规划中必须落实“五个统筹”,走全面、协调、可持续的发展道路;积极吸收当地人参与和征求当地人意见;以人的全面的发展作为区域规划的出发点和归宿,提高人的整体素质;注重规划细节,使广大群众切实感受到区域规划所带来的利益。     

论科学发展观的哲学维度

科学发展观是马克思主义关于发展的世界观和方法论的集中体现,它强调全面、协调、可持续发展的结合,实现了发展观上的创新;它在世界是普遍联系的整体的理论基础上,提出了“五个统筹”发展的要求;它体现了唯物史观关于生产力发展是人类社会发展的基础的观点;它注重人与自然的协调发展;把以人为本贯穿于社会发展的一切方面,明确了人民是历史主体的观点,从而实现了马克思主义发展观的新飞跃。     

Institutional Governance of Minority Religious Practices: Insights from a Study of Muslim Practices in Danish Schools

An increasing number of studies are concerned with the ways in which the religious practices of Europe's minority populations are accommodated on the political, national and local levels. In this article, I present a case study of Muslim practices in Danish schools. The study is an investigation of how and why six selected practices are governed in Danish schools: halal food, fasting, prayer, head scarves, holidays and mosques. The results underline the importance of the specific practice in question for the way in which it is governed: some practices are easily accommodated, while others are rejected outright by the schools. Furthermore, the study demonstrates how governance of Muslim practices is developed in the absence of national regulation and against the prevailing ideals in the Danish public debate. In fact, the governance developed seems to be a direct response to the number of Muslim children in school and in line with general school ideals of inclusion. However, the results also indicate that more direct involvement by local or national authorities might push schools to be more exclusive with regard to Muslim practices.     

Human capital,family structure and religiosity shaping British Muslim women’s labour market participation

Economic activity among Muslim women in the UK remains considerably lower and their unemployment rate significantly higher than among the majority group even after controlling for qualifications and other individual characteristics. This study utilises two data sets to explore possible factors underlying these differences, such as overseas qualifications, language skills and religiosity. It reveals that while religiosity is negatively associated with labour market participation among British Christian-White women, economic activity among Muslim women are not negatively affected by high religiosity. Furthermore, family structure and the presence of dependent children were among the most important factors explaining the latter’s labour market participation, although these relationships were moderated by qualifications. More women with higher qualifications were economically active even if married and with children, although some of them experienced greater unemployment, probably due to discrimination in recruiting practices and choices and preferences on religious grounds.