Measurement of popular disturbance

This paper has identified some points of convergence in the works of Sorokin, Tilly, and Gurr regarding the measurement of popular disturbance and has adopted their three-dimensional approach based on size, duration, and intensity. In criticizing past studies which used an incident as the only unit of data coding, it has been argued that a disturbance can be decomposed into a series of action phases. It has also been proposed that the intensity of a given mode of action can be empirically measured by computing its probability of causing human injuries, police arrests, and property damage. Finally, it has been suggested that the overall magnitude of a disturbance incident is measurable as a sum total of action phase magnitudes each of which is computed by combining size, duration, and intensity of the phase into a summary index.     

ERG理论在纠正企业销售人员“激励扭曲”中的应用

根据销售人员的工作特征与管理特点,将销售人员按照从业时间的长短划分为不同的职业生涯阶段,运用ERG理论分析出对于不同销售生涯阶段销售人员的需求与期望,并根据不同的期望制定相应的激励机制进行激励,实现＂按需激励＂,从而真正达到激励的目的。     

中国英语学习者请求言语行为的语用发展研究

从国外大量的及国内为数不多的对中介语请求言语行为研究中受到启发,对中国英语学习者的请求言语行为进行实证研究。从二语习得的角度探讨L2学习者实施和习得请求言语行为的模式,为促进学生中介语语用能力的进一步发展提出相应的启示。根据话语填充测试问卷的调查结果,通过对两组大学本科生的英语中介语请求言语行为的横向研究,发现两组不同水平的英语学习者实施和习得请求这一言语行为时,表现出与ESL学习者相似的特征和习得顺序。     

“三个代表”与创建学习型政党

江泽民"三个代表"重要思想的创立,既是我们党善于学习的理论结晶又是我们党创造学习型政党的指南,"三个代表"重要思想深刻揭示了创建学习型政党的历史风格、时代要求、本质内容、根本要求、实践途径、检验标准及必须解决的关键问题.     

Consumer evaluation of community treatment

Development of community programs for offenders requires innovation in program design and evaluation. The Complex Offender Project (COP) provided intensive community treatment, and its clients' opinions were used as a component of its evaluation. Treated clients perceived the same needs for services as did other offenders, but more of them reported receiving the services. Compared to probation, COP was perceived to be more helpful in resolving problems, more continuously helpful, and of helping more to learn useful skills and achieve meaningful goals. The Complex Offender Project provides a model for program development, and the techniques of consumer evaluation are recommended as a means of evaluating such programs.     

Latent structures of vertical control in intergovernmental relations

Much of the work on interorganizational (IO) relations focuses on intracommunity bases of resource exchange, or what a number of writers have referred to as the “horizontal axes” of community organization and resource control. Building on earlier work in the field, the present paper extends this conceptual framework to include “vertical” dimensions of resource control as they pertain to the work relations of governmental units at the local and extralocal level. In this context, vertical control is viewed as a power-dependence relation between county-based public service agencies and their “parent” units at the state and federal level. Variations in these control relations are used to identify alaternate structures of vertical control within a set of public service programs spanning several units of government. The analysis reveals three basic types of vertical control structure each of which is shown to foster a distinct pattern of exchange relations among these units.     

Job-shift differences between men and women in the workplace

Until now causal analyses of male-female career differences have been based on the standard attainment model and have focused on differences in career outcomes, namely status and earnings. This paper departs from this practice by using the career life-cycle model of achievement as a framework for the analysis of sex differences in the job mobility experiences of management personnel of a large corporation. The paper focuses not on sexual differences in the level of career rewards, but on differences in the rate of job shifts as the career unfolds. The models are based on the mean-value function of a Poisson arrival process. The principal findings are: (1) Male and female job-shift regimes are similar in form and described by the mean-value function of a nonstationary and heterogeneous Poisson arrival process; (2) the parameters governing male and female job-shift regimes are significantly different; (3) parameter differences indicate sexual inequities with respect to the rate of return to productive resources, but not with respect to structural opportunities to shift; (4) for men and women alike, schooling increases the rate of job shift, while labor force experience prior to being hired and entry-level achievement decrease the rate of shift.     

Child care services and public policy: a new perspective

A new view of early experience is emerging in the literature. The implications of this new view on public policy for early childhood services and the possible consequence of misinterpreting this new view of early experience are discussed. The paper reviews the present justifications for providing early child care services to families, the origins of these justifications and the limits they impose for providing quality early child care. The author offers a proposal for more appropriate foundation to ensure the maintenance of quality early child care programs for families.