Career mobility as a Poisson process: An application to the career dynamics of men and women in the U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency from the Civil War to World War II

Poisson process models of upward mobility in job rewards are developed and estimated using event history techniques on data from one organization over a period of 80 years. The models developed permit the inclusion of independent variables which vary over a person's career and are used to analyze differences in the mobility of men and women. The main findings are (1) the career dynamics of men and women are similar in general form, both best described by a segmented, heterogeneous, and nonstationary Poisson process; (2) parametric differences exist between the models for men and women in terms of how certain independent variables affect the rate of arrival of opportunities to move up in the reward hierarchy and in terms of how others affect the rate of being given or taking advantage of such opportunities; and (3) both men and women appear to benefit by being in competition with one another for available opportunities. Theoretical interpretations of these results are discussed in relation to differences in the flow of opportunities to locations in the reward hierarchy occupied predominantly by men versus those occupied predominantly by women.     

The protestant work ethic,human values and attitudes towards taxation

The literature on demographic determinants of attitudes towards taxation was briefly reviewed. Whereas most previous concerned the relationship between such things as income, vote etc. and tax attitudes, this study examined the relationship between Protestant Work Ethic beliefs, social value systems and attitudes toward taxation. It was demonstrated that subjects who strongly endorsed the Protestant Work Ethic were more opposed to taxation than those who did not strongly endorse these beliefs. Further many of the instrumental and terminal value systems of subjects who were pro-taxation were significantly different from those who were anti-taxation. The results are discussed in terms of the psychology of lay-economic beliefs and implications for social change were noted.     

Scaling the prestige,authority, and income potential of college curricula

This paper develops the concept of “targeted education,” a theoretical ranking of college curricula, into a multidimensional framework. The new scales, based on the traditional stratification dimensions, prestige, authority, and income, are then used in a study of sex differences in the process of occupational achievement among men and women with college degrees. The targeted education scales predict occupational prestige and wages 7 years after the college degree, and they point out interesting differences between male and female attainment processes. In general, targeted education has a greater quantitative impact for men's occupational outcomes than for women's prestige and income, but results also suggest significant qualitative differences between men and women. A large proportion of women target their education toward, and end up in, an under-employed labor pool for the primary and secondary school system.     

Response from a policymakers' perspective

The case in point (Tellado, 1984) needs to be defined in terms of a client for the research. The research may also have implications for early intervention to mitigate the problems uncovered in the case study. An important element in the development of problem-solving skills may be linguistic skills. Further research about this variable seems warranted.     

Occupational preferences and the quality of life

This paper focuses on the theoretical and empirical aspects of occupational choice by examining the structure of individual preferences expressed in terms of abstract characteristics. Both verbal and quantitative models were successfully tested, and a rough upper limit was set on the ability of individuals to specify their quality-of-life technology. The study was too restrictive to permit general inferences concerning the quality of life of particular occupations. However, it may be concluded from the limited empirical findings that the qualitative model captured career-living preferences almost as consistently as did the highly structured quantitative approach. The experiments extracted subjects' cognitive structures for career-living stiuations in all the richness and generality permitted by verbal expression. Although more costly to determine, such qualitative information is of considerable potential benefit to policy makers, ect., and equivalent knowledge cannot be obtained from numerical representations.     

Are services to prevent foster care effective?

The prevention of foster care became an important issue for child welfare services during the 1970s. Two main types of prevention models have emerged: crisis intervention programs intended to prevent imminent placement and intensive service programs designed to avert those crisis situations that precipitate placement. A critical analysis of several project evaluations leads to the conclusion that neither model has been markedly successful. Low nominal project placement rates seem attributable to inability to predict placements and to client selection biases. From a strictly financial perspective, preventive services have been considerably more expensive than regular services, including temporary family foster care. Data from a new demonstration project in New Jersey illustrate various problems in providing and evaluating preventive services to families referred to protective service agencies. Implications of the findings for prevention programs and policies are discussed, and a new direction focused on truly early intervention with children and families is proposed.     

英语中介语请求言语行为调查研究

根据实际问卷调查结果,通过对中国非英语专业本科生的英语中介语请求言语行为序列的统计分析,可以得出三个结论:(1)英语中介语请求言语行为序列具备请求言语行为的普遍性结构特征;(2)说话人与受话人的社会地位、行为的难易程度明显影响请求言语行为序列;(3)母语与目的语的文化差异导致英语中介语请求言语行为中出现一些语用迁移和语用失误现象。     

日本环境侵权损害赔偿制度的创新及其启示

与一般侵权行为相异,环境侵权行为的间接性、潜伏性、持续性以及伴随性等特性,使审判机关确定环境侵权行为人损害赔偿民事责任极为困难。因此,为适应环境侵权损害的新特点,对传统损害赔偿理论予以创新,已成为救济受害人、强化加害人民事责任的需要。我国应借鉴日本环境侵权损害赔偿制度关于“包括请求”、“一律请求”等 成功经验,以完善我国环境侵权损害赔偿制度。     

为什么会有这样的批评——论1954年批评界对路翎的批评

1954年批评界对于路翎的批评,是一次正常的文学批评,其中呈现了十七年文学批评的基本特征和诉求,从中我们探究十七年文学批评的原则和理路。由于随后路翎在胡风事件中的遭遇,这次正常的文学批评没有得到学术化的梳理和审视,以致误导了我们对十七年文学批评的理解。