Postal Savings for National Development—The Experience of Japan and Future Perspective in a Globalized World

Global economic forces have been prompting the institutional changes in the public sector based on the market-oriented principles and such changes greatly have affected the postal savings system in Japan. Postal savings system’s public roles were fundamentally changed because of current administrative reform undertakings. In this article, firstly the role of collecting savings from ordinary citizens for fiscal policies was reviewed and the assessment of this public role is conducted. Secondly, abolishment of Universal Service Obligation due to the privatization of the postal savings system and the possible occurrence of Financial Exclusion are analyzed.

基于零膨胀分位数两部模型的银行贷款违约预测研究

贷款信用风险评估是银行风控的重要内容。贷款逾期天数作为常见的风险度量指标,具有典型的零膨胀特征。对于零膨胀数据,传统的线性回归不再适用,两部模型是常用的代表方法。考虑到贷款数据具有偏态分布特征,本文构建了一个分位数两部模型—logit-quantile模型。该模型由Logistic回归和分位数回归构成,为了进行风险因素的选择,在模型的两个回归中添加了Lasso惩罚。为了求解模型,本文采用了坐标下降法和线性规划法相结合的迭代算法。模拟分析显示,对比逐步法和常用的logit-linear两部模型,新模型表现出了最好的变量选择效果,尤其在零膨胀比例为80%及高维情形时,该模型的表现仍然最优。最后对某银行的贷款数据实证分析显示,新模型具有更精简的结构,采用交叉验证技术进行预测显示新模型的预测和分类表现最好。     

中国版WEEE法规实施中政府和电子企业演化博弈分析

文章在政府和电子企业仅具有有限理性的前提下,运用演化博弈方法对中国版WEEE法规将要实施的过程中,政府管制策略选择与电子企业逆向物流策略选择的互动机制进行了分析。结果表明:当电子企业构建逆向物流成本大于电子企业构建逆向物流给电子企业带来的收益与政府的WEEE基金补贴之和时,电子企业策略选择依赖于政府选择策略的概率;当管制成本低于电子企业构建逆向物流带给社会的收益与回收处理费用之和时,政府的策略选择依赖于电子企业选择策略的概率。     

我国上市公司银行贷款与投资行为的关系研究——基于终极控制人性质调节效应的分析

主要研究不同终极控制人上市公司的银行贷款数量和期限结构对其投资行为的影响,以揭示股东-债权人代理冲突和银行贷款作为治理机制在公司投资方面所带来的综合后果。研究结果表明,银行贷款与投资支出显著负相关,短期贷款比长期贷款对投资扩张的约束力更大;无论是国家终极控制还是非国家终极控制的上市公司中,短期贷款对投资扩张起到明显的制约作用,但是在国家终极控制的上市公司中,长期贷款对决策者产生了更大的过度投资激励;中央终极控制的上市公司中短期贷款发挥了约束作用,长期贷款作用并不明显;地方终极控制的上市公司中短期贷款的约束作用不显著,但是其长期贷款产生了明显的过度投资激励。     

质押贷款质押率决定的期权定价方法

本文使用期权定价方法研究库存质押贷款质押率的确定问题。质押贷款超额收益现值可看作一个看跌期权的价值。在此框架内,首先分析固定利率零息贷款的质押率和贷款期限、超额收益率以及质物价值波动特征的相互关系。同样的分析被扩展到付息贷款和组合质物等情形,并针对固定利率零息贷款情形给出了数值算例。数值模拟结果给出了质押率的期限结构:贷款期限不同,质押率不同;质押率是贷款期限的凸性减函数。研究结果还表明:质押率是质物价值波动率的凹性减函数,质物价值波动越大,质押率越低,这可用来分析不同金属做质押物时质押率的变化;质押率是风险溢价的凹性增函数,风险溢价越大,银行的风险承受能力越强,质押率越高。     

Reverse logistics drivers: empirical evidence from a case study in an emerging economy

Academic and corporate interest in reverse logistics (RL) has risen considerably in recent years. In this context, the objective of this study was to identify the drivers that enable RL practice in an emerging economy. Firstly, international peer-reviewed publications on RL were used to develop a RL environment framework representing the main RL internal and external influences. Secondly, a case-based research was conducted in a large manufacturing company located in Southern Brazil. The results indicated that the most cited driver in the RL literature, the government and legislation, was not a main influence on the studied company. Environmental legislation is still limited in the country and struggles to provide incentives to increase materials recycling. An economic factor related to materials value recovery was also found to drive the backward flow. Finally, knowledge of the RL driving forces may support industries to better implement and manage reverse flows and to bridge the gap between existing and future solutions for reverse supply chains.     

An Advanced Heuristic for Multiple‐Option Spare Parts Procurement after End‐of‐Production

After‐sales service is a major source of profit for many original equipment manufacturers in industries with durable products. Successful engagement in after‐sales service improves customer loyalty and allows for competitive differentiation through superior service like an extended service period during which customers are guaranteed to be provided with service parts. Inventory management during this period is challenging due to the substantial uncertainty concerning demand over a long time horizon. The traditional mechanism of spare parts acquisition is to place a large final order at the end of regular production of the parent product, causing major holding costs and a high level of obsolescence risk. With an increasing length of the service period, more flexibility is needed and can be provided by adding options like extra production and remanufacturing. However, coordinating all three options yields a complicated stochastic dynamic decision problem. For that problem type, we show that a quite simple decision rule with order‐up‐to levels for extra production and remanufacturing is very effective. We propose a heuristic procedure for parameter determination which accounts for the main stochastic and dynamic interactions in decision making, but still consists of relatively simple calculations that can be applied to practical problem sizes. A numerical study reveals that the heuristic performs extremely well under a wide range of conditions, and therefore can be strongly recommended as a decision support tool for the multi‐option spare parts procurement problem. A comparison with decision rules adapted from practice demonstrates that our approach offers an opportunity for major cost reductions.     

高校建立以贷学金为主体的混合资助模式探讨

我国已经形成了一套对高校家庭经济困难学生资助的体系。文章通过对几年资助体系运行的分析提出针对经济困难学生资助计划要更加优化,更有效地改善低收入家庭学生的生活状态,并对我国高校学生资助制度现状、存在问题及完善进行了思考。     

关于解决个体、私营经济贷款难的思考

苏州个体、私营经济近年来发展迅速,但目前普遍存在融资难问题。造成这一问题的主要原因包括:金融行业的经营机制;个私企业经营不稳定、管理制度不健全和抵押担保难以落实等。解决这一问题的措施包括:对个体、私营业主的贷款资格进行认定以及普遍建立贷款担保机制等。     

结构融资之伤

次级贷款危机起源于结构化融资的债务抵押证券（MBS），本文通过分析结构化融资的实质，揭示危机发生的原因是泡沫化的房地产价格和CDO、CDS等衍生工具的运用，追求超额利润的衍生产品把风险扩散到了整个金融领域。我们应该避免由于贪婪带来的资产泡沫，追求实体经济的切实增长。