Summary of the Workshop on Issues in Risk Assessment: Quantitative Methods for Developmental Toxicology

This report summarizes the proceedings of a conference on quantitative methods for assessing the risks of developmental toxicants. The conference was planned by a subcommittee of the National Research Council's Committee on Risk Assessment Methodology ⁴ in conjunction with staff from several federal agencies, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission, and Health and Welfare Canada. Issues discussed at the workshop included computerized techniques for hazard identification, use of human and animal data for defining risks in a clinical setting, relationships between end points in developmental toxicity testing, reference dose calculations for developmental toxicology, analysis of quantitative dose-response data, mechanisms of developmental toxicity, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, and structure-activity relationships. Although a formal consensus was not sought, many participants favored the evolution of quantitative techniques for developmental toxicology risk assessment, including the replacement of lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) and no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) with the benchmark dose methodology.     

有错检验情况下标准型抽样方案的设计

本文给出了在有错检验情况下标准型抽样方案的设计方法，讨论了误检概率ｐ，ｐ′对抽样方案的影响，并给出抽样方案的实际应用。     

对建立我国外资银行风险防范法律机制的探讨

介绍了外资银行风险防范的法律机制的具体内容,围绕风险监管指出金融宏观调控法律机制、外资银行风险监管法律机制、外资银行风险监管国际合作法律机制三者之间的关系。     

Intuitive Toxicology: Expert and Lay Judgments of Chemical Risks

Human beings have always been intuitive toxicologists, relying on their senses of sight, taste, and smell to detect harmful or unsafe food, water, and air. As we have come to recognize that our senses are not adequate to assess the dangers inherent in exposure to a chemical substance, we have created the sciences of toxicology and risk assessment to perform this function. Yet despite this great effort to overcome the limitations of intuitive toxicology, it has become evident that even our best scientific methods still depend heavily on extrapolations and judgments in order to infer human health risks from animal data. Many observers have acknowledged the inherent subjectivity in the assessment of chemical risks and have indicated a need to examine the subjective or intuitive elements of expert and lay risk judgments. We have begun such an examination by surveying members of the Society of Toxicology and the lay public about basic toxicological concepts, assumptions, and interpretations. Our results demonstrate large differences between toxicologists and laypeople, as well as differences between toxicologists working in industry, academia, and government. In addition, we find that toxicologists are sharply divided in their opinions about the ability to predict a chemical's effect on human health on the basis of animal studies. We argue that these results place the problems of risk communication in a new light. Although the survey identifies misconceptions that experts should clarify for the public, it also suggests that controversies over chemical risks may be fueled as much by limitations of the science of risk assessment and disagreements among experts as by public misconceptions.     

基于Poisson分布需求的两级零售系统最优订货策略

考虑由一个分销中心和N个零售商组成的两级分销库存系统．假设两级库存补充均采取周期订货策略，在每个零售商处的客户需求是随机的，且服从Poisson分布．当给定的某一货物缺货时，顾客愿意等待特别订货的概率是一确定的常数，在满足给定的客户服务水平的条件下，寻求该供应链总费用的最小化．对库存费用的计算进行了精确的推导，并且得到了最优的订货策略．最后给出了一个算例，根据所得到的公式由电子表格获得了两级最优库存水平．     

扩大内需中的货币政策效应--1996-2003年的实证分析

1996年以来,我国货币政策是有效的,但效果有限;近期内,依然存在利用货币政策影响实际经济的可能性.货币政策目标的实现,取决于执行货币政策的方式以及扩张(或紧缩)的力度.在通货收缩时期,如果只有货币数量扩张,而没有鼓励公共或私人投资的配套政策,或者数量扩张的力度不够,经济增长率就可能下滑.货币供应量的变化难以解释价格水平的变动,价格水平的波动除受总需求变化的影响外,还受总供给变化的影响.我国正经历从总供给能力不足向总供给能力相对过剩的经济转型,来自总供给方面的影响就更为突出.     

Professional Perspectives on Decision Making about the Long-term Care of Older People

With the increasing pressure on social and health care resources,professionals have to be more explicit in their decision makingregarding the long-term care of older people. This groundedtheory study used 19 focus groups and nine semi-structured interviews(99 staff in total) to explore professional perspectives onthis decision making. Focus group participants and intervieweescomprised care managers, social workers, consultant geriatricians,general medical practitioners, community nurses, home care managers,occupational therapists and hospital discharge support staff.The emerging themes spanned context, clients, families and services.Decisions were often prompted by a crisis, hindering professionalsseeking to make a measured assessment. Fear of burglary andassault, and the willingness and availability of family to helpwere major factors in decisions about living at home. Serviceavailability in terms of public funding for community care,the availability of home care workers and workload pressureson primary care services influenced decision ‘thresholds’regarding admission to institutional care. Assessment toolsdesigned to assist decision making about the long-term careof older people need to take into account the critical aspectsof individual fears and motivation, family support and the availabilityof publicly funded services as well as functional and medicalneeds.     

当前经济欠发达地区村级组织运转经费问题探讨——以苏北H镇为例

当前经济欠发达地区村级组织运转存在着严重的经费匮乏问题。这一问题的出现,与农村经济发展的现实有关,与村级组织的管理体制有关,与农村税费改革制度有关,也与“城乡分割”的二元体制有关。在此基础之上,本文提出可以从深化并完善农村税费改革制度、发展村级经济、严格规范各项收支、合理划分镇村事权、加大国家财政对农村的投入等方面做出努力,缓解和改善村级组织运转经费匮乏问题。     

浅谈地市党报楼盘广告话语的人文性

以地市党报自身所具有的较大权威性为研究起点,以其发布的楼盘广告作为研究对象,结合地市党报上所刊登的具体楼盘实例,对楼盘广告话语进行深入剖析。认为当前的地市党报楼盘广告注重以人为本铸造品牌,注重“硬件”人性化和“软件”个性化的转化,其广告话语体现了平民视角和人文关怀,具有鲜明的人文性色彩。     

沈阳市生态保护规划策略研究——用生态足迹法进行计算分析

利用生态足迹分析法计算了沈阳市2003年生态足迹和生态承载力,得出沈阳市人均生态赤字数为0.7,分析了产生生态赤字的原因,对此提出沈阳市生态保护规划的基本策略:生态控制区———综合提高城市生态承载力;生态协调建设区———寻求生态足迹的最小化;生态改进区(建成区)———降低建设用地的生态足迹;生态恢复区———提高草地与林地生态承载力。以实现城市的可持续发展。