21世纪大学体育的使命

文章以辩证唯物论和历史唯物论为理论基础 ,运用分析与综合的方法 ,在评价大学体育现状、追踪大学体育发展趋势的基础上 ,讨论了 2 1世纪大学体育在理论和实践上需要关注的大学体育理论体系构建 ,大学体育学科建设 ,大学高水平竞技体育 ,大学生终身体育观形成等问题     

水务工程BOT项目与风险规避初探

国家卫生部2001年6月7日颁布的《生活饮用水水质卫生规范》和国民及政府对环境保护的要求标准,给进入21世纪的中国水务工程市场带来了喜人的市场机遇,但是也存在着巨大的融资困难。BOT模式是解决融资困难的一条极其有效的途径。内资民营企业的加入将成为中国BOT水务项目的主体。通过实例对BOT水务工程存在的风险以及规避方法进行了初步探讨。     

论谢榛的诗歌语言观

谢榛在他长期的诗歌理论研究和诗歌创作实践中 ,拟古而不泥古 ,重视语言的整体效果 ,反对使用生僻字、粗俗字 ,重视同义词的选用 ,注意“实字”和“虚字”的比例 ;他将音韵分为“平易”、“粗俗”和“艰险”三类 ,指出利弊 ,分析了四声“抑”、“扬”在诗中的作用     

失范行为的调适之道——根治腐败的社会学思考

腐败是一种社会失范行为。它是权力缺乏制约、私欲恶性膨胀、权力资本化和新旧体制转换共同作用的结果。用社会学视角解决反腐治本问题 ,其思路是完善制度约束人 ,有效监督激励人 ,严法弘德规范人     

论网络空间的社会风险

互联网的崛起为人们的日常生活、学习和工作带来了诸多便利,然而,作为一种全新的信息技术范式,互联网也给人类社会生活带来了许多新的风险。文章分析和论述了网络风险的各种表现形式、网络风险的实质以及网络风险产生的根源,以期为网络风险管理提供借鉴。     

原型理论对初级词汇教学的启示

词汇作为人类交际过程中的文化和信息载体,是一个庞大复杂的系统。同时,词汇教学也直接影响到学生的第二语言习得。本文扼要地回顾了中国词汇教学的现状和原型理论产生的理论背景、概念及认知理据;并从基本层次范畴的角度阐述了该理论在词汇教学中的可行性。     

论洗钱罪的防治

洗钱罪是众多经济犯罪和有组织犯罪的派生物,具有对社会的危害性、过程的复杂性、方法手段的专业性、范围的国际性等特点。反洗钱是十分复杂的法治问题,涉及一个国家的社会、政治、经济等方面的内容。要加大反洗钱力度,就必须在防治上狠下功夫,从思想、立法、执法、金融防范、国际合作等领域采取措施,要标本兼治,才能构筑符合我国情况的反洗钱体系。     

从官手工业管理看宋代路级机构的关系

宋代官手工业的发展,使为数不少的路级机构参与了官手工业的管理。他们对官手工业管理职权进行分割,形成职权互相交叉的局面。在行使职权过程中,路级机构之间既分工、合作,又互相监督、牵制,构成宋代路级机构关系的主体。     

The Role of Cancer Risk in the Regulation of Industrial Pollution

The extent of carcinogen regulation under existing U.S. environmental statutes is assessed by developing measures of the scope and stringency of regulation. While concern about cancer risk has played an important political role in obtaining support for pollution control programs, it has not provided the predominant rationale for most regulatory actions taken to date. Less than 20% of all standards established to limit concentrations of chemicals in various media address carcinogens. Restrictions on chemical use are more frequently based on concerns about noncancer human health or ecological effects. Of the chemicals in commercial use which have been identified as potential human carcinogens on the basis of rodent bioassays, only a small proportion are regulated. There is an inverse relationship between the scope of regulatory coverage and the stringency of regulatory requirements: the largest percentages of identified carcinogens are affected by the least stringent requirements, such as information disclosure. Standards based on de minimis cancer risk levels have been established for only 10% of identified carcinogens and are restricted to one medium: water. Complete bans on use have affected very few chemicals. The general role that carcinogenicity now plays in the regulatory process is not dramatically different from that of other adverse human health effects: if a substance is identified as a hazard, it may eventually be subject to economically achievable and technically feasible restrictions.     

Physiologically Based Liver Modeling and Risk Assessment

Because of the inherent complexity of biological systems, there is often a choice between a number of apparently equally applicable physiologically based models to describe uptake and metabolism processes in toxicology or risk assessment. These models may fit the particular data sets of interest equally well, but may give quite different parameter estimates or predictions under different (extrapolated) conditions. Such competing models can be discriminated by a number of methods, including potential refutation by means of strategic experiments, and their ability to suitably incorporate all relevant physiological processes. For illustration, three currently used models for steady-state hepatic elimination--the venous equilibration model, the parallel tube model, and the distributed sinusoidal perfusion model--are reviewed and compared with particular reference to their application in the area of risk assessment. The ability of each of the models to describe and incorporate such physiological processes as protein binding, precursor-metabolite relations and hepatic zones of elimination, capillary recruitment, capillary heterogeneity, and intrahepatic shunting is discussed. Differences between the models in hepatic parameter estimation, extrapolation to different conditions, and interspecies scaling are discussed, and criteria for choosing one model over the others are presented. In this case, the distributed model provides the most general framework for describing physiological processes taking place in the liver, and has so far not been experimentally refuted, as have the other two models. These simpler models may, however, provide useful bounds on parameter estimates and on extrapolations and risk assessments.