Program analysis using the client oriented cost outcome system.

The client oriented cost outcome system has been under development in Pennsylvania community and hospital programs since 1972. The system builds upon the behavioral and decision data generated with or on behalf of consumers. Flexibility for local program system design is permitted if the procedures of consumer intake, review, and termination document each consumer's (a) problems, resources, and goals, (b) overall functioning level in their ordinary community, and (c) services intended and rendered as related to (a), above. While the system's primary application is in providing feedback for local program quality assurance and evaluation procedures, aggregation of data permits program planning and evaluation at county, state, and federal levels in terms of (a) client demographic or diagnostic characteristics, and (b) program service characteristics and objectives.     

Involving constituents in agency priority setting: a case study

Many government agencies have "constituents" who believe the agencies should hear and consider their needs and desires in establishing program priorities. This article describes how one involves interested constituents (consumers, industry, medical professionals, and state organizations) in the agency's annual priority-setting process. This participation has produced a number of beneficial results-some expected and some unexpected.     

The utilization of prevailing evaluation policy in the selection of performance measures

This study considers the problem of inferring a functional evaluation criterion from existing performance measure policies. The objective is to develop a rational basis by which to adaptively evaluate a current best set of performance measures from alternative sets. The analysis is based on a matrix approach for relating system characteristics to performance measures across a set of activities. A procedure for ranking measure combinations which are candidate implementation alternatives is devised using this matrix representation and cost information. An example illustrating the procedure is presented.     

Evaluating employee assistance programs. A review of methods, outcomes, and future directions

Renewed interest in assisting troubled employees has led to an upsurge in the development of employee assistance programs, coupled with demands for demonstrable effectiveness. This review examines the nature and scope of these programs, their administrative and methodological context, and the types and outcomes of evaluation studies conducted thus far. Proposals for improving future investigations through a number of different approaches and strategies are then made.     

On the limiting properties of social indicators

Characteristics of the population and economic measures that constitute traditional social indicators are compared with more recent “quality of life” measures to demonstrate that social indicators are always value statements at the policy level. The possibility of alternative perspectives is illustrated. It is suggested that an awareness of the assumptions implicit in any given indicator is as important as the data they provide.     

动静观与中国传统体育

中国传统哲学动静观或主动,或主静,或强调动静对立统一,均对中国传统体育产生了深刻的影响。在中国传统哲学不同动静现的影响下,中国传统养生体育形成了动养之法、静养之法和动静结合的养生方法;中国武术则在把握动静范畴的基础上,从辩证的动静关系入手,创立了多种多样的武术理论和武术技能技巧。从总体特征上看,由于中国传统哲学乃至中国传统文化都以主静为主,在其影响下,中国传统体育总体上形成了贵柔主静的特点,并相应地导致了养生体育发展完备而竞技体育发展相对滞后的状况。在当前西方体育文化的冲击下,中国传统体育有必要进行改革以适应新的时代发展。     

美国主流媒体对“一带一路”报道的话语建构研究

共建“一带一路”倡议如今已经走过十余年历程,取得了突出成就,为共建国家发展赢得新的机遇。随着美国对“一带一路”的关注度持续上升,分析美国主流媒体对“一带一路”的相关报道可以反映美国对该倡议的态度,便于中国做出有效应对措施。研究运用语料库文本挖掘方法,选取美国两大主流媒体《纽约时报》《华盛顿邮报》中涉及“一带一路”的报道文本,从主题分布、主体建构、搭配词和索引行等维度考察美国主流媒体对该倡议的话语建构方式。研究发现,十年间美国两大媒体对“一带一路”的报道包括“一带一路”建设内容和中国影响力等多个主题。根据时间变化,报道主题存在三个阶段的差异:初期突出中国与亚洲国家的合作,中期重点报道中国的世界影响力,近期涉及新冷战等主题。两大媒体通过勾勒基础设施建设与投资、大国关系和中美贸易等内容建构“中国”和“一带一路”形象,对该倡议的认知从早期的中性态度转向中近期的消极态度。基于此,一方面适时开展舆论反击工作是应对美国舆论的关键,向美国媒体传递高质量“一带一路”信息以回击不实言论;另一方面事实胜于雄辩,继续坚持共建“一带一路”是长期发展之要义,展现大国的胸怀与担当,吸纳更多国家参与“一带一路”,推动共建国家合作共赢,促进文明交流互鉴。     

网络时代农产品质量安全事件风险放大机制研究——基于价值累加理论的扎根分析

随着互联网的飞速发展,农产品质量安全事件借助网络媒体持续关联与聚合、发酵与扩散,极大地影响着公众的情感和态度,易引发集体非理性恐慌,网络时代信息扩散和迭代呈现全新特征和趋势,故加强农产品质量安全事件风险放大机制研究具有重要意义。基于斯梅尔塞的价值累加理论,结合“土坑酸菜”事件,利用Python技术获取媒体原始资料,对资料进行扎根编码分析,构建农产品质量安全事件风险放大机制模型。根据编码结果识别出农产品质量安全事件风险放大六大主范畴,包括结构性诱因、结构性紧张、一般化信念、(有效的)组织动员、社会控制、风险放大,将主范畴内容纳入价值累加理论六大因素中,分析表明农产品质量安全事件风险放大是以突发事件为分界点,分为前期蓄势、中期造势、紧急处理三个阶段,前期蓄势和中期造势阶段通过多轮循环相互反馈影响,最终放大农产品质量安全事件风险。在整个风险扩散过程中,网络是农产品质量安全事件风险的“社会放大站”,其加速了信息传播,强化了公众风险感知。本研究运用价值累加理论、基于宏观和微观整合层面,细化探究了网络时代农产品质量安全事件风险放大的完整过程机制,进一步完善了风险放大SARF研究框架,为相关研究做了有益补充。     

大学创新与科学学派形成

在世界科技发展的历史长河中,几乎所有重大科学的发现和科学理论的提出都与科学学派有关。有学派才会有科学观点的碰撞,才会产生新思想的火花。学派与创新总是行影相随。科学学派为创新活动提供了最基本的动力和发展平台。中国大学的学派建设任重而道远,在一些仍处于学科群的创建和分支扩展阶段的学科研究领域,中国大学的学者们完全有可能抓住机遇,创建在国际上有影响的学派。