农房确权的制度设计与政策建议

农民住房财产权的确认(简称农房确权)有助于维护农民财产权利,为下一步农村改革创造 前置条件和法律依据。然而,实践中农房确权面临着甄别、处置、配合和实施等各种难题。建议在制度 设计上按照“房地一体,先地后房”的原则,对农房进行分类处理,通过收取宅基地有偿使用费、明确确权 操作流程等措施予以完善。在此基础上,地方政府利用农房确权契机鼓励农村集约节约用地,通过规划 指导和建房监管确保新建农房达到确权要求,中央政府推进宅基地流转和农房财产权抵押担保制度改 革,使农房确权更具实质意义。     

Care earnings in the United States and 24 European countries: The role of social policy and labour market institutions

Care occupations are gendered and remain relatively poorly paid, particularly in the United States. Prior research on the ‘care penalty’ primarily points to individual, relational, and market-valuation factors in explaining the relative earnings of care workers. This study integrates these explanations with a comparative institutional perspective. Using higher-quality data and methods than previous comparative research in the field—that is, harmonized micro-data from the Current Population Survey and EU-SILC from 2005 to 2016, country and year fixed effects models, and a counterfactual analysis—we find that national variance in labour market and welfare state institutions explains most of the difference in the relative earnings of reproductive care workers between the United States and European countries. Higher rates of collective bargaining coverage, stronger employment protection and welfare state spending contribute to higher relative earnings for reproductive care occupations, and lower relative earnings for high-status nurturant care occupations. Differences in the relative earnings of care workers appear to be mostly a construct of social policy and labour market institutions rather than individual, relational, and market-valuation factors.     

Objective and subjective conditions for the continuity of the Peruvian extractive development model

ABSTRACT

The Peruvian economy depends for its growth on the export of its mineral resources. The core of the current economic development model is the export of the country's commodities and a free and (relatively) unregulated functioning of the markets. We argue that the continuity of the country's extractive development model is the consequence of the interplay between the objective and subjective conditions of Peruvian capitalist development. The analysis of the objective conditions is focused on the role of the country in the international division of labour, the relation between this role and the country’s economic and business structure, and the functionality of the extractive development model for the Peruvian State. In the case of the subjective conditions, the strength of the political Left, the labour movement and the social movements against mining capital are analyzed     

基于价值认知视角的农村宅基地退出补偿研究——一个源于案例的实证分析

运用前景理论中的价值函数构建理论模型,基于行为经济学实验方法,通过实验与问卷调查开展实证研究,量化农户对宅基地退出补偿过程中损失与收益的价值认知,进而构建一种具有价值认知合理性的宅基地退出补偿标准测度模式。研究发现：（1）不同类型农村的进城落户农户在宅基地退出意愿方面存在显著差异。退出意愿按照经济较发达地区城市近郊农村、经济较发达地区城市远郊农村、经济欠发达地区城市近郊农村、经济欠发达地区城市远郊农村的顺序递减。（2）农户对收益、损失变动均表现出渐弱的敏感性。随着收益的增加,农户的痛苦感会逐渐降低,呈现出边际效用递减的趋势。（3）农户表现出明显的损失厌恶,一定数量货币损失大约需要1.94倍的货币收益才能弥补。（4）具有价值认知合理性的宅基地退出补偿标准并非脱离实际或难以接受,理论上有实现的可能性,但实践中面临双重困境。研究认为,明确合理的进城落户农户宅基地退出的时空安排,更灵活充分地利用城乡建设用地增减挂钩节余指标调剂使用的政策安排,有助于推动进城落户农户的宅基地退出。     

Urban versus Rural: Fertility Decline in the Cities and Rural Districts of Prussia, 1875 to 1910

Marital fertility in 54 Prussian cities and 407 Prussian Kreise (administrative areas) is analyzed using unusually rich and detailed socioeconomic and demographic data from eight quinquennial census between 1875 and 1910. Pooled cross-section time series methods are used to examine influences on marital fertility level and on marital fertility decline, focusing particularly on fertility differences according to level of urbanization. Increases in female labour force participation rate and income, the growth of financial services and communications, improvement in education, and reduction in infant mortality account for most of the marital fertility decline in 19th century Prussia. In 1875, rural and urban fertility were similar but by 1910, urban fertility was far lower than rural in part because the values of some of these variables changed more rapidly in the cities, and in part because some of these variables had stronger effects in urban settings.     

农村水利设施整体性供给与社会资本的关联效应测度

农村水利设施的有效供给是实现农村治理能力现代化的现实载体。通过梳理公共品整体性供给与社会资本的既有文献,进而以博弈论诠释农村水利设施整体性供给的行为选择。同时建构出社会资本对农村水利设施整体性供给的Logit回归模型,借助于CFPS中关于“农村水利基础设施”的数据证据进行分析。研究发现,社会资本的存量对农村水利基础设施整体性供给起到积极作用,其中社会网络、社会参与以及农户个体特征对整体性供给产生显著影响。为此,通过营造农民整合参与的有利环境,增强农村社会资本的建设,有效培育和发展农村精英,以此来实现农村水利设施整体性供给的有效性。     

安徽省农村居民抗菌药物使用分析

目的：探讨农村居民抗菌药物使用知识（knowledge）、态度（attitude）与行为（practice）现状并分析其影响因素,为有针对性地干预农村地区抗菌药物不合理使用提供指导。方法：多阶段分层整群抽取安徽省农村地区2 047名居民进行问卷调查,采用描述性统计、方差分析和回归分析方法进行统计学处理。结果：农村居民对抗菌药物相关知识总知晓率为20.56%,使用态度整体正确率22.97%,使用行为整体正确率78.67%;抗菌药物使用行为的主要影响因素是知识得分,且呈负相关。结论：农村居民对抗菌药物使用知识掌握不全面、态度欠佳,且存在知识、态度和行为不一致的现象。     

提高进城农民购房能力的有效举措——农村宅基地退出与城市购房相挂钩

以人为核心的新型城镇化,关键要解决进城农民在城市的住房问题,因此,创新体制和机制以帮助进城农民在城市拥有自住房,使其真正融入城市、安居乐业,是新型城镇化进程中不可回避的重要现实问题。面对城镇化过程中农民无力购买城市住房而其农村宅基地闲置浪费的现实背景,提出了进城农民宅基地退出与城市购房相挂钩的构想,以期引导进城农民积极有序地退出宅基地,提高农村宅基地的节约和集约利用率,同时解决进城农民的城市住房及房地产库存问题。在界定宅基地退出与城市购房相挂内涵的基础上,提出了解决该问题的具体思路,并剖析了目前面临的三大问题和障碍：第一,进城农民宅基地退出资产的保值增值与收益分配问题;第二,退出的宅基地与期望购买经济适用房所在城市的不一致问题;第三,购买经济适用房面临的支付能力不足问题。最后,针对性提出了通过出租、招拍挂、复垦等途径盘活退出的宅基地资产,实行保障房指标地域政策限制与经济适用房市场交易相结合,合理的宅基地退出补偿标准、住房供应模式创新与土地承包经营权抵押相结合等对策与建议。     

合作社嵌入乡村社会治理：实践检视、合法性基础及现实启示

多元合作共治下农民合作社日益成为乡村社会中不可忽略的治理主体,不论是在政府强力推动下,抑或自主嵌入乡村社会与其他治理主体联合,均体现出组织形态变迁中新事物的内在生命力。在质性研究基础上,通过实地调查对合作社在农村基层治理存续进行了实践检视、合法性基础的描述以及对现实启示进行了深入分析,认为其集经济实力、组织认同、权威基础于一体,为农村市场转型、农业分工制度建设提供组织动力,对乡村治理新模式构建、村社协作共治具有现实价值。     

农地抵押贷款信用评价体系构建

通过构建农地抵押贷款信用评价体系,为贷款申请人信用资质的判定提供客观标准。借鉴Z评分模型,使用Bootstrap方法筛选农地抵押贷款信用评价指标,并使用基于离差最大的组合赋权法确定各指标的权重。在信用评价模型建立后,通过贷款户和申请被拒农户信用评分的差异,划定优质借款人的信用评分范围,最后对该信用评分模型的有效性进行了检验。