Costs and Rewards of Children: The Effects of Becoming a Parent on Adults' Lives

How do new parents differ from their childless counterparts in social and psychological resources, daily strains, and psychological well‐being? Using a nationally representative panel of 1,933 adults who were childless at the first interview, we compare 6 indicators of adults' lives for those who became parents and those remaining childless several years later, controlling for earlier states. Becoming a parent is both detrimental and rewarding. With the exception of social integration, which is greater for all groups of new parents compared with their childless counterparts, the effects of parental status on adults' lives vary markedly by gender and marital status. Unmarried parents report lower self‐efficacy and higher depression than their childless counterparts. Married mothers' lives are marked by more housework and more marital conflict but less depression than their childless counterparts. Parental status has little influence on the lives of married men.     

关于规范普通话水平测试工作的思考

规范普通话水平测试工作 ,必须健全制度 ,建设好管理人员和测试人员队伍 ,并做好普通话培训、考务管理、测试等具体工作环节     

Valuation of childhood risk reduction: the importance of age, risk preferences, and perspective.

This article explores two problems analysts face in determining how to estimate values for children's health and safety risk reductions. The first addresses the question: Do willingness‐to‐pay estimates for health risk changes differ across children and adults and, if so, how? To answer this question, the article first examines the potential effects of age and risk preferences on willingness to pay. A summary of the literature reporting empirical evidence of differences between willingness to pay for adult health and safety risk reductions and willingness to pay for health and safety risk reductions in children is also provided. The second dimension of the problem is a more fundamental issue: Whose perspective is relevant when valuing children's health effects—society's, children's, adults‐as‐children, or parents'? Each perspective is considered, followed ultimately by the conclusion that adopting a parental perspective through an intrahousehold allocation model seems closest to meeting the needs of the estimation problem at hand. A policy example in which the choice of perspective affects the outcome of a regulatory benefit‐cost analysis rounds out the article and emphasizes the importance of perspective.     

长歌当哭，寓悲于闲——晚唐送人赴任诗情感探微

送人赴任之作,在唐代别离诗中占有相当大比例.盛唐人的这类诗歌,往往忽略了别离之伤情.反之,晚唐却固囿于这一伤情,并将此进一步深化,深化的结果,就是诗歌中闲情的泛滥.这不是偶然的,而是晚唐文人大范围接受佛道思想的必然结果.     

《全宋诗》拾零

依据近人徐乃昌《安徽通志稿.金石古物考》所著录的宋代石刻材料,考核《全宋诗》相关内容,辑录佚诗25首,可补《全宋诗》之缺。     

税费改革后农村义务教育财力资源的配置和优化

农村教育财力资源是保证农村义务教育正常进行和健康发展的根本条件。通过对我国农村税费改革后农村义务教育财力资源供给的现状和存在问题的分析,探讨了一些可丰富和优化配置农村义务教育财力资源的可行之路。     

教育史上的壮烈篇章--抗战时期武汉学校内迁纪实

文章回顾了抗战期间武汉各类学校分别迁往四川、云南、鄂西等地的艰难岁月,陈述了师生艰苦奋斗,共度时艰的事例,表现了师生在温饱不保的战乱环境中发愤工作、努力学习、宣传抗日救亡的民族精神.     

中国近30 年来的农村改革发展历程回顾与展望

文章重点从农村改革的整体性、综合性、协调性和党在农村政策的稳定性、连续性、实效性等方面入手,把我国近30年来的农村改革发展历程划分为三个不同的时期:即从1978年到1988年,是农村改革的起步阶段,出现了第一个“黄金发展期”;从1988年到1998年,是农村改革的停滞阶段,出现了“三农综合症”;从1998年10月至今,是农村改革的快速推进阶段,出现了第二个“黄金发展期”。全面准确地认识和把握我国农村改革的历史进程,对于科学制定农村综合改革的整体方案及相关配套政策措施至关重要。     

论汉籍东传日本及其回流

在悠久的中日关系史上 ,汉籍的交流所发生的深远影响 ,曾在相当长的历史时期内弥补了因人员交流受到限制而导致的遗憾。因而就汉籍东传日本及其回流 (尤其是近代以来中国学者赴日访查引进汉籍 )的历史和日本收藏汉籍的现状进行系统考察与研究 ,对于深化中日文化交流的研究和开展国际汉籍研究领域的合作 ,都具有重要的意义。     

贫困地区农村妇女地位的现状、成因与对策--对湖南贫困地区农村妇女地位的调查

妇女地位的高低是衡量社会文明程度的标准之一。当前 ,我国贫困地区的农村妇女地位还比较低下 ,其制约因素是多方面的 ,应采取有效措施来提高其地位 ,以适应市场经济发展的需要。