交通现代化与人的行动自由之拓展 ——理解交通发展的另一种视角

交通现代化可以看作是人的行动自由不断扩展的过程,从人的行动自由的视角审视和衡量交通发展情况是一个需要拓展的问题。运用历史和逻辑相统一的方法,通过理论和现实的相比照,对交通现代化和人的行动自由的内在逻辑进行了分析。研究认为,行动自由是人的本质要求,人对行动自由的追求是无限的,但人类自身的有限性和时空障碍却制约着人的行动自由; 交通的本质是人的行动自由的外在表现形态,交通发展是克服人自身的有限性和时空障碍,拓展人的行动自由能力的重要途径; 交通现代化建设是社会主义现代化建设的应有之义,是人民日益增长的美好生活需要的本质内涵和基本诉求。新时代中国交通现代化建设应以科技创新为有力支撑,以平等自由为价值导向,全面推动交通强国建设,降低出行成本,不断提升人的行动自由的能力。     

甬台经贸和直航中的若干法规政策问题研究

这是１９９６年初完成的宁波市科委课题的一份研究报告。首先介绍大陆方面对海峡两岸经贸和直航的已有法规、政策的主要内容;其次提出宁波在两岸经贸往来中如何用好用足已有法规、政策的看法;最后针对台湾当局提出的“直航”三个先决条件予以逐一批驳,并认为“直航”是大势所趋,特别是香港回归祖国后,将会有所突破。     

城市居民人居生活质量评价研究

本文认为人居生活质量(QOL)的主要影响要素应包括:产业及经济水平、交通可达性、居住条件、环境质量和生态质量五大类,据此可构建城市人居生活质量评价体系。本文通过问卷调查明确了各影响要素的相对重要性,并基于层次分析法计算评价体系层次中各指标在本层次中的权重以及对总目标的权重,计算结果表明,城市内交通可达性已成为影响人居生活质量最重要的因素。因而,要改善居民生活质量,城市管理者应该首先改善居民出行的可达性,尤其要提高居民通勤和购物出行的可达性。     

交通强国的内涵及评价指标体系

交通强国建设根本上是服务国家经济社会发展的,脱离这一基本目的来建设交通强国,则会在发展导向、发展路径等方面产生根本偏差。交通强国需要二三产联动、多产业协同,促进现代化经济体系建设。对交通运输业自身而言,交通强国建设要以高质量运输服务为核心,以提高交通运输服务的效率和效益为目标,以快速、经济、安全、绿色、自主五大特征为指向。运输服务供给能力和运输服务质量是评价交通强国两个基本方面:运输服务供给能力要满足经济社会对资源时空配置的要求,即交通运输供给能力与运输需求基本平衡;运输服务质量要满足人们对美好出行的基本预期,并在国际竞争中能够领跑世界并具有可持续性。我国交通基础设施和运输服务规模多项指标位居世界前列甚至第一,这仅仅是与我国人口、经济总量和国土面积的世界地位相匹配而已。根据本文构建的交通强国评价指标体系,定性与定量相结合分析,我国距离交通强国还有差距。     

Hand-Hygiene Mitigation Strategies Against Global Disease Spreading through the Air Transportation Network

The risk for a global transmission of flu-type viruses is strengthened by the physical contact between humans and accelerated through individual mobility patterns. The Air Transportation System plays a critical role in such transmissions because it is responsible for fast and long-range human travel, while its building components—the airports—are crowded, confined areas with usually poor hygiene. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) consider hand hygiene as the most efficient and cost-effective way to limit disease propagation. Results from clinical studies reveal the effect of hand washing on individual transmissibility of infectious diseases. However, its potential as a mitigation strategy against the global risk for a pandemic has not been fully explored. Here, we use epidemiological modeling and data-driven simulations to elucidate the role of individual engagement with hand hygiene inside airports in conjunction with human travel on the global spread of epidemics. We find that, by increasing travelers engagement with hand hygiene at all airports, a potential pandemic can be inhibited by 24% to 69%. In addition, we identify 10 airports at the core of a cost-optimal deployment of the hand-washing mitigation strategy. Increasing hand-washing rate at only those 10 influential locations, the risk of a pandemic could potentially drop by up to 37%. Our results provide evidence for the effectiveness of hand hygiene in airports on the global spread of infections that could shape the way public-health policy is implemented with respect to the overall objective of mitigating potential population health crises.     

Book Review

Book reviewed:
J. Scott Armstrong, Principles of Forecasting: A Handbook for Researchers and Practitioners     

A New Approach to Hazardous Materials Transportation Risk Analysis: Decision Modeling to Identify Critical Variables

We take a novel approach to analyzing hazardous materials transportation risk in this research. Previous studies analyzed this risk from an operations research (OR) or quantitative risk assessment (QRA) perspective by minimizing or calculating risk along a transport route. Further, even though the majority of incidents occur when containers are unloaded, the research has not focused on transportation-related activities, including container loading and unloading. In this work, we developed a decision model of a hazardous materials release during unloading using actual data and an exploratory data modeling approach. Previous studies have had a theoretical perspective in terms of identifying and advancing the key variables related to this risk, and there has not been a focus on probability and statistics-based approaches for doing this. Our decision model empirically identifies the critical variables using an exploratory methodology for a large, highly categorical database involving latent class analysis (LCA), loglinear modeling, and Bayesian networking. Our model identified the most influential variables and countermeasures for two consequences of a hazmat incident, dollar loss and release quantity , and is one of the first models to do this. The most influential variables were found to be related to the failure of the container. In addition to analyzing hazmat risk, our methodology can be used to develop data-driven models for strategic decision making in other domains involving risk.     

图像文件可靠传输软件的设计与实现

介绍了高速公路收费系统、监控系统的发展和重要性,收费系统中图像捕获、传输、处理发展的具体过程,以及在每一过程中所采用的设备、技术、方法和各自的优缺点。描述了在网络环境下利用共享目录、TCP/IP协议或ODBC直接写库,HTTP、FTP协议、中间件等实现图像文件传输处理的优点和缺点。阐述了一种在网络环境下利用UDP通信传输协议实现图像文件可靠、高效、自动传输软件的设计方法和实现过程,利用该软件可以低廉、高效、方便地解决收费系统中图像文件的传输。     

油泥模型在汽车造型设计中的应用

油泥模型设计与制作是产品设计中的重要阶段,既是汽车造型设计中的关键环节,又是表达设计师构思与创意思维的主要手段。油泥模型使用便捷、性能稳定,因而被广泛采用。本文通过对汽车油泥模型工艺制作的详细阐述,分析了油泥模型在产品设计中的重要性和发展趋势。     

北京物流服务业贸易逆差成因与对策分析

物流服务是北京服务贸易的第一大类,近年来,贸易收入保持稳步增长,但一直存在较大的贸易逆差,贸易竞争力低于全国水平。造成北京物流服务领域贸易逆差的主要原因包括物流企业规模小且竞争力较弱、货物贸易迅速增长与物流行业产能不足的矛盾突出、物流服务领域开放程度不适度以及未充分发挥区域合作优势。因此,政府应对外商在物流服务业的投资进行适当引导,同时,学习国外经验,加强政策导向,对国内企业进行适度保护,为物流企业创造良好的发展条件,全方位发展海陆空运输业;物流服务企业应通过参股、控股、联合、兼并等途径,实现集约化与规模化,进一步提高技术水平和服务质量,全面提升国际竞争力。此外,大中型进出口企业应积极寻求与国内大型物流企业的合作,通过运贸一体化,把握国际货运主动权。只有这样,才能使北京物流服务走出贸易逆差困境。