Acquired immunity: immunosenescence and physical activity

Several lines of evidence indicate that infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmune disorders occur more frequently in elderly people, thus suggesting that altered function of immune organs and cells, such as thymus and T and B lymphocytes are of primary importance in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Furthermore, old subjects are less responsive to vaccine than younger because of immune changes. The most common changes accompanying the adaptive immune system include decrement of T and B cells proliferation, repertoire degeneracy, increase of the memory cell type, decreased numbers of naive cells, and shift from T helper₁ (Th1) to T helper₂ (Th2) response. Regular exercise in the elderly may improve the alterations in acquired immunity which follow the physiological process of aging, allowing a major resistance against external pathogens and a better quality of life.     

不可抗力的法经济学思考

在对不可抗力免责条款进行了经济分析的基础上,首先质疑了传统上认为可以支持不可抗力免责条款的几个理由,认为过错责任、意思自治以及平衡损失都不能作为证成该条款的合理性依据.进而指出,该条款隐含着对不可抗力违约损失的一种强制性保险,按照经济学的逻辑,不可抗力的违约损失应当被分配给以较低成本提供保险的一方当事人,但因该原则在司法过程中面临着操作性障碍,故不能被直接制定为法律.此外,还对免责和不免责两种立法方案进行了成本收益的比较分析,结论是选择任何一种立法方案都不具备压倒性的理由.     

对我国当前维护国家主权与安全利益的思考

当前,我国在争取和维护国家主权与安全利益方面,既面临良好的发展机遇,又面临前所未有的挑战。民族分裂主义活动的不时抬头与显露,＂台独＂活动的日益发展与猖獗,海权安全和利益所遭受到的严重威胁与损害,都在直接或者间接地影响甚至牵动着全国安定团结的大好局面。在这样的形势下,开展有效的反对民族分裂主义斗争、反对＂台独＂斗争、维护国家的海洋权益和安全已经成为新的历史阶段的一项重大战略任务。     

“香港特别行政区”的国际法主体地位探析

中国政府对香港特别行政区恢复行使主权以后,其作为一个非主权地方性实体,在“一国两制”的根本原则的指导下,根据国际条约和基本法的授权,可以享受某些国际法权利,承担一定程度的国际法义务,因而可以将香港特区看成是一个特殊的国际法主体。     

炎症性肠病免疫学研究进展

炎症性肠病是一组病因未明的慢性肠道炎症性疾病，多以腹痛与腹泻为主要肠道症状．近年来人们发现其病因包括多种因素，其中与机体的免疫系统有明显关系．患的HLA—DR1、HLA—DQw5明显增高；肠粘膜免疫细胞散量增多，肠局部体液或细胞免疫活性增强、多数UC患P—ANCA阳性；TH1/TH2失衡；以及在IBD初期，内皮细胞表达ICAM-1明显增加．     

试论经济发展安全

随着经济国际化趋势的不断加强, 一个主权国家或经济集团在经济发展战略上越来越重视其经济发展的内外安全, 并采取相应措施巩固内部的经济安全——作为一个国家或集团发展经济的现实基础, 它直接影响国家的综合发展水平。而外部经济安全则保障内部经济安全措施的顺利实施, 尤其表现在海外资源供给、跨国公司的发展等国外市场的开拓及随之而来的国家或集团之间的相互竞争和合作等各个方面     

基于利率风险的保险公司资产负债管理研究

应用无套利分析方法和二叉树方法对退保期权进行了定价,使用数值方法得到了中国市场的三次多项式利率期限结构模型,并应用以上结果建立了基于利率风险的久期缺口免疫模型,并使用保险公司实际资产负债数据对模型效果进行了检验。     

Norovirus Dose–Response: Are Currently Available Data Informative Enough to Determine How Susceptible Humans Are to Infection from a Single Virus?

Two forms of single‐hit infection dose‐response models have previously been developed to assess available data from human feeding trials and estimate the norovirus dose‐response relationship. The mechanistic interpretations of these models include strong assumptions that warrant reconsideration: the first study includes an implicit assumption that there is no immunity to Norwalk virus among the specific study population, while the recent second study includes assumptions that such immunity could exist and that the nonimmune have no defensive barriers to prevent infection from exposure to just one virus. Both models addressed unmeasured virus aggregation in administered doses. In this work, the available data are reanalyzed using a generalization of the first model to explore these previous assumptions. It was hypothesized that concurrent estimation of an unmeasured degree of virus aggregation and important dose‐response parameters could lead to structural nonidentifiability of the model (i.e., that a diverse range of alternative mechanistic interpretations yield the same optimal fit), and this is demonstrated using the profile likelihood approach and by algebraic proof. It is also demonstrated that omission of an immunity parameter can artificially inflate the estimated degree of aggregation and falsely suggest high susceptibility among the nonimmune. The currently available data support the assumption of immunity within the specific study population, but provide only weak information about the degree of aggregation and susceptibility among the nonimmune. The probability of infection at low and moderate doses may be much lower than previously asserted, but more data from strategically designed dose‐response experiments are needed to provide adequate information.     

浅析美国主权信用下降对中美经济的影响

美国主权信用的被下调将在国际社会生活中产生深远的影响,从国家主权信用评级的内涵切入,分析美国主权信用下降的原因及其对中关经济的影响,提出了中国的应对策略。     

春秋“流亡婚姻”考述

据统计,春秋"流亡婚姻"共10起,涉及11国28人次,其成因分为流亡者流亡和与流亡者通婚两个方面。前者是君权和公子及卿大夫集团的矛盾,后者是要利用流亡者为本国利益服务,其结局分为"返国为君"、"定居为仕"、"赋闲定居"和"最终被杀"四个类型。通婚对流亡者的政治前途有重要影响是其显著特征,"流亡婚姻"从一个侧面反映了春秋时期民族融合、婚制以及妇女地位等状况。