The Effects of Health Insurance and Self‐Insurance on Retirement Behavior

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the effects of employer‐provided health insurance, Medicare, and Social Security on retirement behavior. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we estimate a dynamic programming model of retirement that accounts for both saving and uncertain medical expenses. Our results suggest that Medicare is important for understanding retirement behavior, and that uncertainty and saving are both important for understanding the labor supply responses to Medicare. Half the value placed by a typical worker on his employer‐provided health insurance is the value of reduced medical expense risk. Raising the Medicare eligibility age from 65 to 67 leads individuals to work an additional 0.074 years over ages 60–69. In comparison, eliminating 2 years worth of Social Security benefits increases years of work by 0.076 years.     

鸦片战争与"中国观"的近代转换

“中国观”是对中国国情最基本的看法,以及在这种看法的指导下,人们是采取何种纲领和政策来处理中国社会的重大问题的,包括“中国疆域观”、“中国人民观”、“中国文化观”和“中国主权观”等四项基本观念。在长达三千余年的古代历史中,中国人形成了“古典的中国观”和“多民族统一的中国观”,在维护国家统一和促进民族团结方面都起过非常重要的作用,但其中包含的“天朝大国”之类盲目自大心态却阻滞社会发展。鸦片战争给中国以巨大的影响,痛苦的战败经历迫使先进的知识分子睁眼看世界。科学全新的史地知识,使他们的视野空前开阔,以全球为参照物反思中国,传统的“中国观”开始了近代转换:中国是“天朝”的观念崩溃了;“大国”的标准更新了,按新的标准,中国不是世界上唯一的“大国”;中国的船、器和战法落后,是一个“弱国”;“天朝”与“大国”的观念相脱离,“弱国”与“大国”的观念相结合;国家蒙羞,人民受害,只有改革才能救中国,“救亡的中国观”从此萌生。     

基于计划行为理论的节能意愿影响因素——以知识型员工为例

以办公楼知识型员工为研究对象, 基于计划行为理论, 结合组织氛围文献, 构建了员工节能行为模型。提出了组织节能氛围的概念, 研究它影响员工节能行为的作用机理。利用调查问卷, 在北京地区, 从办公楼知识型员工收集数据, 采取偏最小二乘路径建模方法分析数据, 验证研究模型。结果表明:积极的节能态度和感知行为控制对员工节能行为意愿具有促进作用;组织节能氛围显著正向影响主观规范;组织节能氛围和主观规范对员工节能行为意愿没有直接作用, 他们通过影响节能态度间接影响员工节能行为意愿。根据这些结果, 公司可以通过营造良好节能氛围, 宣传节能意义, 提高员工节能态度、感知行为控制以及主观规范, 从而促进员工节能。     

Extending pension and savings scheme coverage to the informal sector: Kenya's Mbao Pension Plan

The Mbao Pension Plan is a voluntary individual account savings plan to which all workers in Kenya may contribute without regard to income or age. It is designed to provide a programme that is suitable for the unique nature of the informal sector and to encourage a savings culture for those workers. The key innovation is that low‐income workers can easily make small contributions at relatively low cost, considering the small contributions and small account balances. Participants can conveniently make contributions anytime and anywhere using their cell phones. This savings innovation is made possible by technological innovations that have reduced the costs of cell phones and airtime, and by the entrepreneurial innovation of mobile money. The plan is provided through private‐sector businesses.     

恒压供水中水泵调速控制的节能分析

阐述了水泵调速控制的节能原理,首先介绍了水泵的节流调节控制流量的方法,然后分析了水泵的转速与各种性能参数的关系,进而研究水泵的调速调节控制流量的方法,将两种控制流量的方法作了对比,分析了调速调节比节流调节节能的原因,最后简要的介绍了变频调速恒压供水系统。     

我国建立节能型社会的战略选择

随着我国工业化和城镇化的快速发展,能源约束将对我国经济发展形成长期的制约,而且这种制约将会越来越强。这在客观上要求我国在增加能源供给的同时将建立节能型社会作为加快建设节约型社会的重要内容和基本途径。本文主要从十个方面说明了我国所要实施的节约能源的战略举措,认为我国应该长期坚持并努力实施节能战略并将其作为我国的基本国策。     

改革开放30年中国能源发展战略的变革

改革开放30年来中国能源发展战略发生了重大变革，从改革开放前的“开源战略”转变为改革开放后的“综合能源效率战略”，从而为上世纪党中央提出的“一番保两番”目标提前5年实现提供了有力保障。针对新世纪党中央提出又一个“经济翻两番”目标，笔者提出了“能源与经济协调发展战略”及其对策建议。     

农业集约化对产权制度和价格体系的依赖性

关于农业集约化的研究始自马克思,由来已久,观点各异。在比较中外学术界关于集约化概念的5种界定之后,依据语义辨析,揭示出英文中的Intensive在汉语中的农学释义为集约的,作为一般形容词为密集的,但中文中的密集与集约却是两种不同的意义。据此,对农业集约化概念予以分类,在分析诸多观点差异的基础上,给出一个新的依赖于产权制度和价格体系的集约化界定,探索资源稀缺性导致的产权制度安排和市场价格体系决定着经济增长由粗放向集约转轨的历史必然性。     

Cohabitation and Marriage in a Risky World

Different couples are analyzed in presence of income uncertainty and precautionary saving. Married couples have legal restrictions on their relationship that force them to act cooperatively, while cohabitants with limited commitment act non-cooperatively. This makes risk sharing different for different couples; married couples share risk completely, while cohabitants share risk to a lesser extent due to their lack of commitment and cooperation. This makes precautionary savings greater for cohabitants than for married couples. However, cohabitants also tend to undersave to possibly increase assistance from their partner. However, mutual altruism mitigates the inefficiencies and enforces time consistent risk sharing among cohabitants.I am thankful to Jonas Agell, Sophia Grahn-Voorneveld, Peter Kooreman and to Mats Persson for valuable comments on an earlier version. I have also received useful comments from the editor and from two anonymous referees. Generous financial support from the Jan Wallander and Tom Hedelius Foundation and from Knut and Alice Wallenbergs Foundation is gratefully acknowledged.     

正确认识储蓄在我国经济增长中的作用

本文根据１９８８—１９９７年间我国的经济运行历程,从规范分析和实证研究结合的角度,说明储蓄并不能全部转化为投资,反而会抑制市场需求,对经济增长产生负效应,因而,不应该片面强调和夸大储蓄对于经济增长的推动作用。笔者认为治理通货膨胀的根本手段并不在于鼓励和增加储蓄,相反,却在于控制没有实物保证的投资基金、消费基金和储蓄的过快增长