普通师范院校音乐专业教育教学改革初探

普通师范院校音乐教育专业传统办学模式 ,在改革开放的今天 ,已不适应新形势的发展 ,存在着诸多弊端。为了适应我国入世的新形势和配合素质教育 ,本文针对存在的问题 ,提出了一系列教改构想 ,若能有效实施 ,必将为新形势的需要和基础音乐教育培养出新一代高素质的专业人才 ,推进中、小学素质教育向纵深发展     

生物多媒体教学课件的设计与制作

中国加入WTO后 ,民营科技企业面对更加激烈的市场竞争 ,困难和挑战更加严峻。企业制度上的缺陷和不足是制约企业发展的根本因素。从某种意义上说 ,实现制度上的创新和突破比技术创新更为重要。制度创新须解决好两个问题 :一是创新成本问题 ;二是创新与借鉴关系问题。     

On Block Updating in Markov Random Field Models for Disease Mapping

Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) models are commonly used to model spatial correlation in disease mapping applications. For Bayesian inference by MCMC, so far mainly single-site updating algorithms have been considered. However, convergence and mixing properties of such algorithms can be extremely poor due to strong dependencies of parameters in the posterior distribution. In this paper, we propose various block sampling algorithms in order to improve the MCMC performance. The methodology is rather general, allows for non-standard full conditionals, and can be applied in a modular fashion in a large number of different scenarios. For illustration we consider three different applications: two formulations for spatial modelling of a single disease (with and without additional unstructured parameters respectively), and one formulation for the joint analysis of two diseases. The results indicate that the largest benefits are obtained if parameters and the corresponding hyperparameter are updated jointly in one large block. Implementation of such block algorithms is relatively easy using methods for fast sampling of Gaussian Markov random fields ( Rue, 2001 ). By comparison, Monte Carlo estimates based on single-site updating can be rather misleading, even for very long runs. Our results may have wider relevance for efficient MCMC simulation in hierarchical models with Markov random field components.     

Conditions for Non-confounding and Collapsibility without Knowledge of Completely Constructed Causal Diagrams

In this paper, we discuss several concepts in causal inference in terms of causal diagrams proposed by Pearl (1993 , 1995a , b ), and we give conditions for non-confounding, homogeneity and collapsibility for causal effects without knowledge of a completely constructed causal diagram. We first introduce the concepts of non-confounding, conditional non-confounding, uniform non-confounding, homogeneity, collapsibility and strong collapsibility for causal effects, then we present necessary and sufficient conditions for uniform non-confounding, homegeneity and collapsibilities, and finally we show sufficient conditions for non-confounding, conditional non-confounding and uniform non-confounding.     

区域发展潜力的评价方法及其应用

阐述了区域可持续发展的涵义 ,并从系统的角度对区域可持续发展进行了分析 ,提出了区域发展潜力的概念。构建了区域发展潜力的评价模型。最后对H市的发展潜力进行了评价     

企业经营决策会计理论方法体系之探讨

企业经营决策会计是以系统论、信息论、控制论为理论基础 ,将企业划分为若干个子系统 ,运用现代科学管理设备和技术 ,对企业经营管理所涉及的内外部信息源进行定量分析、计算、对比和评价 ,为企业经营决策提供最佳方案     

浅议高校科研文化建设

文章简明地论述了关于高校科研文化建设的若干问题 :科研文化的内涵与表现层次、科研文化的社会背景、科研文化特征与功能、科研文化价值体系、科研文化构建原则以及科研文化建设等 ,旨在改变目前高校科研文化建设中的不自觉状态     

新中国成立以来城镇化发展的历史变迁

文章首先简要分析了近年来学者们对中国城镇化发展阶段的不同划分观点 ,在此基础上重点探讨了改革开放以来中国城镇化发展的历史进程并将其划分为四个阶段 ,最后从八个方面对新中国 5 0多年来城镇化发展的主要特征进行了阐述。     

"历史"在叙事中复活--论当代历史小说创作的走向

历史文学叙述行为有其自在特征,主要表现在历史文学对历史真实、文学真实、艺术假定、虚构限度等的特别强调。论文主要从作家叙事理念入手,探讨80年代小说叙事变革以来,当代历史小说叙述形态的变化,以及历史文学是如何建立自己的叙述范型的。     

建立稳定有效的社会信任机制

信任是用于减少社会交往复杂的机制 ,一般有三种形式 :人际信任、社会角色关系信任和外在制约的市场信任。在市场经济条件下 ,建立人与人之间的信任关系是十分重要的 ,它构成该社会经济繁荣与稳定的社会心理基础。本文从社会心理层面 ,探讨社会转型时期 ,传统信任机制失衡之原因 ,分析建立稳定有效的社会信任机制的途径