电力行业二氧化碳排放指标分配模式仿真

京都议定书提出了消减二氧化碳排放量的具体目标及消减方案,由此二氧化碳排放权交易成为关注的热点。目前,我国排污权交易制度的相关研究主要集中在排污权交易与其他环境污染治理方式的比较以及排污权的初始分配问题上,而对于初始分配之后具体的分配规则的讨论和研究较少。基于二氧化碳排污权初始为免费分配这一前提条件下,分析了基于历史排污法,更新排污法,历史产量法和更新产量法四种不同分配方法,并将这些方法应用于电力行业,仿真测度其绩效,得出了有益的结论。     

新公共性:食品安全作为一个社会学议题

食品安全问题不完全是一个科学命题,对食品安全的完整理解尚需要在社会学公共性格局的相关理论中寻找答案。西方社会在自由市场发展的特定阶段,也都经历了食品安全危机的阵痛,其随后应对食品安全危机的措施可以概括为公共性结构的调整。克服食品安全危机有赖于政府、市场、社会三者形成一种积极沟通的新公共性格局;在经济全球化的时代,食品安全风险也有全球化的趋势,因此,超越民族国家范围的人类安全视野须要被纳入到新公共性格局的生产之中。     

我国民间科技奖励与国家科技奖励的对比分析

目前我国民间科技奖励已经广泛地发展起来,与国家科技奖励一起构成了我国科技奖励系统。但民间科技奖励与政府科技奖励存在着显著区别,表现为:1.奖励主体、评奖的标准和范围;2.奖励客体;3.社会影响和奖后效应;4.获奖者的年龄特点;5.奖励的分布;6.申报和评审程序。总体说,民间科技奖励的存在地位和作用是我国国家科技奖励的有益补充,但是它也有自身的不足,民间科技的发展方向应该与国家的宏观政策相协调,才能更好地发挥奖励应有的作用,推动科学技术快速发展。     

财产税与地方财政关系的公共部门经济学探析

该文从公共部门经济学角度对财产税与地方财政的关系进行了分析。全文从财产税较为切合地方财政的主要特征、财产税较有利于地方政府履行其经济职能以及财产税较适宜由地方政府征收管理这3个方面,分析说明了财产税之所以成为地方税的基本经济原因。     

Interorganizational relations of nonprofit organizations: An exploratory study

In their several roles as appropriators, redistributors, and providers, nonprofit organizations are involved in complex transactions with organizations in the nonprofit, for-profit, and public sectors. The purpose of this exploratory investigation, based on a sample of New York State nonprofits, is to explain variation in the extent of intrasector and intersector transactions. Various kinds of prevailing environmental complexities, coupled with the ways in which organizations are structured to deal with these complexities, help explain variation in the extent of organizational transactions. Another important predictor is directors' perceptions of main problems affecting the activities of their agencies. These findings are consistent with the conclusion that environmental uncertainties and perceptions about them affect the nature and extent of interorganizational contact.     

公共产品民营化和我国第三部门的职能走向

20世纪 80年代以来 ,西方国家率先实施了公共产品民营化的改革思路 ,促进了第三部门迅速在全球勃兴。对于改革开放 2 0余年且已纳入经济全球化进程中的我国 ,公共产品民营化的趋势对我国第三部门的嵌入与成长起了重要作用 ,并直接影响我国第三部门的职能走向。     

Reviewing the Relationship Between the Voluntary Sector and the State in Britain in the 1990s

There have been three major analytical reviews that have examined the voluntary–statutory relationship during the 1990s, one undertaken by government in 1990 and the other two independently in 1993 and 1996. This article suggests that an historical understanding of this relationship (especially in terms of its sociopolitical dimensions) is crucial, but was missing from the 1990 review and misrepresented by the 1993 review. The 1996 document has been subjected to harsh criticism, but it was arguably sounder in its understanding of this fundamental issue. The national compact between representatives of the voluntary sector and the state, launched at the end of 1998, has built upon the arguments put forward in 1996. However, the paper suggests that given the vexed history of partnership between the sectors and the extent to which the statutory sector has become the dominant partner at the end of the 20th century, it would be premature to be overly optimistic. The paper examines three major shifts in the voluntary–statutory relationship during the 20th century, before reviewing the 1990s' documents in more detail.     

Making Privatization Work: Utilizing a Scorecard Model of Human Resource Strategy

Three-fourths of privatization efforts fail. Analyses of the other one-fourth have overlooked what is arguably the single most important element: successful management of human resources. In establishing the culture of change necessary to effect competitive initiatives and in motivating employees toward innovation and accountability, a scorecard-based human resource strategy is at the center of it all. A discussion of the strategic role of human resource management supporting privatization efforts in general, and of the remarkably successful Charlotte, North Carolina experience in particular, offers important lessons. Detailed here is a rubric of what works and why.     

Comments on “Social Origins of Civil Society”

Lester Salamon and Helmut Anheier's Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining the Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally offers a thorough cross-national quantitative analysis of the correlates of nonprofit-sector size, composition, and sources of funding. The first study of its kind, it is remarkable in both its theoretical ambition and empirical scope. Still, this research is plagued by problems that affect almost all research of this type: small numbers, poor measures, vague theories, a preponderance of cross-sectional data, and so on. Suggestions for improving the research include: (1) disaggregating the definition of the nonprofit sector to address criticisms from both the right and the left; (2) adopting a multidimensional approach to assessment of the nonprofit sector, to deal with its great heterogeneity; (3) devoting more attention to possible nonlinear relationships; and (4) casting a wider theoretical net in the effort to build a convincing social origins perspective. In the end, Salamon and Anheier may be forced to devote more effort to qualitative analysis of specific sectors to demonstrate the explanatory power of the social origins perspective.     

Extending ODA or Creating a New Reporting Instrument for Security‐related Expenditures for Development?

A debate has recently been initiated by a number of members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee to include security‐related items in the definition of Official Development Assistance (ODA). This article looks at the logic of these proposals by means of a brief review of the history of the ODA definition as well as recent debates on the relationship between security and development. It concludes by recommending the creation of a new reporting category, Official Security Assistance, for donor spending on security‐related activities which meets the basic ODA criteria.