农村土地流转现状与对策研究

目前,农村土地流转已成为促进农村经济发展的焦点问题。在全国经过多年探索,现虽已取得了瞩目的成绩,但当前仍处于初级阶段,存在诸多制约因素。尤其值得注意的是,由于农村社会保障机制不健全,土地流转侵害了主体农民的权益,同时也制约了农村土地的进一步流转。本文在对我国农村土地流转现状进行分析的基础上,指出农村土地流转存在的问题并探讨失地农民的社会保障措施。     

阴谋论、威胁论与美国国家安全观

美国与世界其他国家的安全观明显不同,它总是感觉到不安全,美国总是偏执地认为外部存在着对美国的阴谋和威胁。这种国家安全观与美国的民族特性有关,因为美国的民族认同是建立在对制度和信仰认同基础之上,因此它需要通过灌输阴谋论和威胁论来树立一个敌人的形象,以此来加强美利坚民族的凝聚力。这种国家安全观促使美国把自己树立为道德形象,缺乏换位思考,从而漠视其他国家正常的安全需求和民族情感,最终引起了其他国家对美国霸权行为的反感与抗拒,进一步加剧了美国的不安全感。     

Can the American Dream Survive the New Multiethnic America? Evidence from Los Angeles1

Drawing from a survey conducted in Los Angeles, we examine perceptions of achievement and optimism about reaching the American dream among racial, ethnic, and nativity groups. We find blacks and Asian Americans less likely than whites to believe they have reached the American dream. Latinos stand out for their upbeat assessments, with naturalized citizens possessing a stronger sense of achievement and noncitizens generally optimistic that they will eventually fulfill the American dream. We discuss patterns of variation between the racial and ethnic groups as well as variation within each group. Notwithstanding interesting differences along lines of race, ethnicity, and nativity, we find no evidence that the nation’s changing ethnic stew has diluted faith in the American dream.     

Looking within the household: a study on gender,food security,and resilience in cocoa-growing communities

Many West African cocoa households experience a ‘lean season’ before the cocoa harvest, leaving them vulnerable to various events and issues which potentially cause stress – most notably food insecurity. This study, relying primarily on qualitative data from Côte d'Ivoire, examines how income allocation and intra-household dynamics affect household resilience during the lean season. Its findings indicate that in contexts in which women and men's income are separate and destined for different purposes in the household, the fact that men's income is often earmarked for individual spending creates particular problems for households in the lean season. Women's empowerment within the household is essential to improving intra-household resource allocation for resilience. In many contexts, this translates into development programmes supporting women to increase their production and ability to control income independently of men. However, a context of individual gendered agricultural production, and gendered spending obligations, such as West Africa, calls for a slightly different approach. Enhancing agricultural productivity is critical, but in addition it is important to encourage co-operation between women and men in households to result in joint decision-making in the interests of the household.     

能源互联网的概念探讨与其国家发展意义

新能源和科学技术的迅猛发展,使得能源互联网构想成为“互联网＋”模式下能源行业发展的新趋向。从互 联网的发展趋势来看,未来的能源互联网是以可再生能源为主的能源结构利用互联网的特性达到能源利用的互联共 享、能源类型的相互转化以及信息技术和能源技术的相互结合。就对国家发展的意义而言,能源互联网具有保障能源 安全、改善环境品质和民生、影响国际政治布局等方面的战略意义。当前,能源互联网的发展面临社会参与不高、可再 生能源消费占比过低、制度支持不够、技术难关等挑战。要推进能源互联网的发展,亟需改变观念,普及可再生能源, 完善市场机制,克服技术问题,制定能源互联网的中长期规划。     

安全结构视野下的朝核问题走向

冷战结束以后核危机之所以在朝鲜半岛反复发生、僵持不决,主要与半岛安全结构的失衡有关。处于弱势地位的朝鲜希望借助核武器恢复安全结构的均衡,而处于强势地位的美国则希望保持既有优势,甚至一度希望改变朝鲜体制,完全颠覆现有安全结构。中、韩作为朝核问题中的两个重要当事国,并不希望看到朝鲜拥有核武器,也不愿看到朝鲜的崩溃,是安全结构问题上的维持现状者。正是这种安全结构上的利益分歧与博弈,使得朝核问题成为地区安全局势中的一个持久热点。     

中国与周边国家跨国界河流问题之分析

中国是跨国界河流数量比较丰富的国家,中国与周边国家之间出现的跨国界河流问题主要集中在水环境污染与保护、水资源分配与利用开发等方面。跨国界河流问题的产生与发展将对中国周边关系的良性发展构成消极影响,并为区域外国家插手中国周边事务创造时机。中国对跨国界河流问题的处理一贯持积极姿态,在主动与周边国家开展国际航道开发利用、水情预报与信息共享等合作的同时,联合周边国家建立一套涉及管理、开发、预防、应急内容在内的合作与协商机制,构建和谐的周边安全环境。     

Hong Kong: workfare in the world's freest economy

Chan CK. Hong Kong: workfare in the world's freest economy Int J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: 22–32 © 2009 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare. Workfare was introduced in many countries to suppress welfare dependency and reduce social security expenditures. However, workfare was launched in Hong Kong when there was only a relatively small social security budget and its citizens still strongly adhered to the ideologies of self‐reliance. It was found that workfare has performed several functions in Hong Kong. First, by forcing unemployed claimants to give up benefits, Hong Kong has been able to save on social security expenditures. Second, workfare has combined with Hong Kong's semi‐democratic polity so that extremely stigmatising welfare measures have been implemented. Third, it has pushed poor citizens into the labour market without having any protection over wages and working hours. Thus, the combination of workfare and a semi‐democratic polity has successfully suppressed Hong Kong's welfare demands and strengthened its self‐help spirit. As a result, Hong Kong's minimal social security scheme and its low tax policy have been maintained.     

The Swiss social insurance system: Social security and grass‐roots democracy

The foundations of Switzerland's social insurance system can be traced to 1890 when a public referendum voted the inclusion of an article into the Federal Constitution that gave the executive the task of creating a sickness and accident insurance scheme. Currently, as in other European countries, the Swiss social insurance system is facing challenges as a result of rising health costs and demographic shifts, which are placing a growing burden on both public finances and private households. To reach policy decisions to address these challenges, the Swiss system is distinguishable from those of its European neighbours because of a continuing tradition of political decision‐making based on grass‐roots democracy: through referenda, the Swiss people remain directly responsible for the development of the national social insurance system. Importantly, not only might this unique feature of Swiss democracy lead the Swiss people more readily to accept and identify with their social insurance system but it may offer a sound democratic base upon which to build a consensual approach to address the policy challenges that lie ahead.     

Semi‐conditional cash transfers in the form of family allowances for children and adolescents in the informal economy in Argentina

In 2009, Argentina introduced a new transfer programme for children and adolescents younger than age 18 (Universal Child Allowance) that extended coverage under the contributory programme for family allowances to include families in the informal economy and families of unemployed persons. This article describes this innovative programme, compares it with similar programmes in Latin America and analyses its impact on coverage and its possible effects on the welfare of the population. The results indicate that the extension of access to this type of benefit has reduced considerably the coverage gap for the poor and indigent and supports efforts to consolidate the operations of different and poorly coordinated transfer programmes.