Effects of a Punitive Environment on Children's Executive Functioning: A Natural Experiment

Few studies have examined the influence of environmental factors on children's executive functioning (EF) performance. The present study examined the effects of a punitive vs. non‐punitive school environment on West African children's EF skills. Tasks included a ‘cool’ (relatively non‐affective) and ‘hot’ (relatively affective/motivational) version of three EF tasks: delay of gratification; gift delay; and dimensional change card sort. Children had more difficulties with the hot versions of the tasks than the cool versions, and older children outperformed younger children. After controlling for verbal ability (Peabody picture vocabulary test‐third edition), a consistent pattern of interaction between school and grade level emerged. Overall, kindergarten children in the punitive school performed no differently than their counterparts in the non‐punitive school. However, in grade 1, children in the punitive school performed significantly worse than their counterparts in the non‐punitive school. These results point to the need to consider interactions among discipline style, age, and internalization processes of self‐regulation to better understand environmental influences on EF development.     

惟无乃能大 惟大乃能逍遥——孙嘉淦释庄子逍遥义

清人孙嘉淦在《南华通》中秉持＂惟无乃能大＂、惟大乃能逍遥的宗旨,多方引用儒家经典与新儒家学说,通过＂小者困苦,大者逍遥＂的两相对比,最终得出以＂至人无己＂为＂大之至矣＂的结论。在普遍以＂大＂为逍遥的清代庄学界,孙嘉淦的阐说仍具有一定特色,尤其是他引入理学家关于＂理一分殊＂的观念,从实体存在与观念存在两面来评析庄子的＂至人无己＂,实可谓别开生面。     

Peer Victimization,Self‐esteem,and Ego Resilience Types in Adolescents: A Prospective Analysis of Person‐context Interactions

This study examined bidirectional, longitudinal associations between peer victimisation and self‐esteem in adolescents, and tested for moderator effects of undercontrolling, overcontrolling, and ego‐resilient personality types in these associations. Data were used from 774 adolescents ages 11–16 years who participated in a three‐wave (i.e., 2005, 2006, and 2007) longitudinal study. Structural equation modelling analyses in Mplus demonstrated that, controlling for earlier levels of self‐esteem, self‐reported peer victimization was associated with lower self‐esteem across one‐year time intervals. Vice versa, however, low self‐esteem was not predictive of subsequent self‐reported victimization. Evidence was also found for a moderator effect of personality type on the longitudinal associations between self‐esteem and victimization. Only in the subgroup of overcontrolling adolescents was lower self‐esteem related to subsequently higher levels of peer victimization; their undercontrolling and ego‐resilient peers were unaffected.     

医学英语翻译的等效处理

医学英语翻译的等效处理是翻译过程中尤为重要的翻译技巧,和普通的翻译一样,都是用一种不同的语言文字将原文作者的意思准确地再现出来的艺术。医学英语专业翻译必须是在译者掌握一定的医学知识和英语基础的前提条件下,运用专业翻译的种种技巧将其等效地转换为文字而不是改变其意思。所选用的字词和句式结构必须符合对象语言的语言习惯,使译文准确而生动。     

政府工具选择与应用

本文首先对我国政府工具的内涵与分类进行了一个简单的陈述和一个简要的分析,在此基础上对政府工具选择的影响因素和应注意的问题进行了探讨,最后重点分析了我国政府工具应用中存在的问题及我国政府工具应用的改进建议。     

我国地理标志保护模式的立法选择

目前,我国对地理标志的保护同时存在着工商部门的证明商标、集体商标保护和质检部门的地理标志产品、原产地标记保护。两种保护机制的并存导致同一地理名称上同时存在两种相抗衡的权利：商标权人对地名商标的专有权以及该地区所有生产经营者对地理标志的集体权和共有权。由于商标法保护地理标志存在诸多局限,解决地理标志权利冲突的根本途径在于尽快制定《地理标志保护法》,我国地理标志的保护应当采取专门法保护模式。     

金融资产收益跳跃行为的微观机制

文章发展了一个均衡模型,从微观机理角度解释了为什么资产价格会发生不频繁的跳跃行为.在该模型中,投资者学习不可直接观测的、真实的经济系统状态并为此支付成本的行为诱发了资产价格的跳跃行为.而投资者是否选择学习的行为则取决于投资者的偏好参数和收入的条件波动率.     

利率下降对我国居民跨期消费选择的影响分析

利率下降对居民跨期消费选择影响存在收入效应和替代效应.由于这两种效应对居民当期消费的作用方向完全相反,因而总效应要取决于这两种效应的强弱.对于我国中低收入居民来说,利率下降对其跨期消费选择的收入效应特别明显,替代效应则趋于零,因而降患反而会减少其当期消费数量.对于我国中高收入居民来说,利率下降对其跨期消费选择的替代效应在很大程度上被收入效应所抵消了,因而降息拉动其当期消费也不明显.为了刺激居民消费,除了实施降息政策以外,还必须采取其他政策与之配合.     

“投票悖论”的分析及其矫正——理性选择理论的“投票现象”应用批判

投票机制是民主政治的制度性保障,但它却存在着一个悖论。这一悖论可被简单地表述为：在投票参与者意识到自己的选票对结果的影响是微不足道的时候,他们往往不会牺牲闲暇以及交通成本等方面的付出到投票站投出手中的选票。美国大选仅仅具有半数左右的参与率似乎也在事实上为以上＂洞见＂提供了心理学依据和社会学依据。在试图解决投票悖论这一问题的过程中,具体分析理性选择理论是如何从一个过分武断化了的前提出发,而走向一条循环论证的死胡同的;进而希望通过为投票动机添加新的变量的方式来缓解理性选择理论的这种弊病。     

Attenuating Initial Beliefs: Increasing the Acceptance of Anthropogenic Climate Change Information by Reflecting on Values

Anthropogenic climate change information tends to be interpreted against the backdrop of initial environmental beliefs, which can lead to some people being resistant toward the information. In this article (N = 88), we examined whether self‐affirmation via reflection on personally important values could attenuate the impact of initial beliefs on the acceptance of anthropogenic climate change evidence. Our findings showed that initial beliefs about the human impact on ecological stability influenced the acceptance of information only among nonaffirmed participants. Self‐affirmed participants who were initially resistant toward the information showed stronger beliefs in the existence of climate change risks and greater acknowledgment that individual efficacy has a role to play in reducing climate change risks than did their nonaffirmed counterparts.