Fear of violence during armed conflict: Social roles and responsibilities as determinants of fear

This article investigates the prevalence and determinants of fear as a consequence of living through armed conflict. We use survey data from Nepal during the armed conflict (1996–2006) to examine how trauma, sex and gender, age, marriage, and household size affect fear of violence. We also disaggregate types of worry, and find substantial variance on whether respondents were more concerned about livelihood consequences of conflict than physical danger. We supplement quantitative analyses with discussion of in-depth interviews from the study area on these same topics. Overall, our results highlight the enduring impact of gender roles in Nepal and that conflict might disproportionately affect those who are already vulnerable and have greater social responsibilities. This article provides a unique comparison between fear of violence during armed conflict in a low-income country to the fear of crime literature based in high-income countries.     

浅议主附加刑模式的缺陷及其调试

我国刑罚体系改革没有考察主附加刑模式的缺陷。主附加刑模式与轻重罪之分相悖,其标准模糊欠妥,易弱化附加刑地位,与刑罚体系演变规律不符,实际效应也不佳。基于犯罪分层理论及其意义,应考虑确立轻重有别的刑罚体系。     

论污染环境罪的主观方面

从上世纪发生的"世界八大公害事件",到近几年来中国多地遭遇的雾霾天气等都在向人类不断提醒环境保护的重要性。随着人类理性认识的逐渐觉醒,刑法作为"最后法",开始承担起对惩治和预防环境犯罪的责任。我国2011年通过的《刑法修正案(八)》将"重大环境污染事故罪"修改为"污染环境罪"。不管是重大环境污染事故罪还是现今的污染环境罪,对于该罪主观方面的争论一直没有淡出过学界视野。     

Homicide in eighteenth-century Cheshire

This article provides an analysis of indictments and coroners’ inquests dealing with homicide coming before the Court of Great Sessions at Chester during the eighteenth century, with a special focus on the better documented second half of that century. The Court of Great Sessions was the equivalent of the assize court for the County of Chester, which was a Palatinate enjoying its own legal institutions. Initially the social status of offenders and the method of killing are analysed, and the results compared with patterns extant for the early seventeenth century, Cheshire being one of the few English counties whose records survive sufficiently to permit such long-term comparisons. The main features are a retreat by the gentry from homicidal violence by the late eighteenth century, and the preponderance of killing by simple kicking or beating in contrast to an earlier emphasis on the use of weapons. This latter feature is reinforced by the discovery of numerous cases, normally categorized as manslaughter by the court, in which death followed what appears to be a formalized form of fighting, obviously based on contemporary boxing practices. The findings are then placed in the broader context of cultural change in the eighteenth century, and it is argued that Cheshire materials relating to homicide and violence more generally provide a local perspective on the general shift towards ‘polite’ values which has been seen as characterizing the upper and middling social strata of eighteenth-century England.     

串通投标犯罪的刑法治理

通过对构成串通投标罪的812个样本案例的分析可知,在我国,串通投标犯罪具有行为方式的复杂性、行为实施的隐蔽性、行为手段的腐败性和行为后果的严重性等突出特点.究其原因,主要有市场经营中经济利益驱动、招标投标制度不健全、刑法对串通投标犯罪惩治不力,以及社会管理型治理模式顾此失彼等.为有效预防与惩治串通投标犯罪,应适应正在转型的社会治理型治理模式,针对如此犯罪现象的特点及成因,将刑法相应规制纳入整个社会治理体系和法治体系中,进行串通投标犯罪现象的体系化治理.具体而言,应当在统合和创新刑法参与社会治理的理念、政策、立法、司法和运行机制的基础上,及时完善现行《刑法》有关串通投标犯罪的立法规定,并在宽严相济刑事政策的指导下,完善刑法治理所依赖的司法机制,以优化刑法的内部治理机制;通过推行标底公开制度、取消资格预审程序及完善招标方式、评标机制与监督机制,以强化其他措施的治理功能.     

洗钱罪适用研究——以《刑法修正案（十一）》的实施为背景

洗钱罪是公认的国际犯罪。1997年，我国刑法明确规定了洗钱罪，并通过修正案不断完善对其的定罪量刑。2020年，《刑法修正案（十一）》就洗钱罪再次进行了修改和完善。在洗钱罪主观方面，《刑法修正案（十一）》虽然删除了“明知”一词，但在对洗钱罪行为人主观方面的考量上，应考虑其对行为对象性质的认识程度，将间接故意包含在主观要件中。在洗钱罪打击范围上，《刑法修正案（十一）》取消了“帮助”“协助”等表述，洗钱行为不再局限于对上游犯罪人的帮助行为，而是将上游犯罪人包含在洗钱罪主体范围内，对司法实践尤其是国际间追逃追赃合作具有重要作用，也为追究跨境洗钱犯罪行为提供了便利。     

事后行为的前序性展开

犯罪的完成是以刑法保护客体即刑法法益为考察基点,在法定意义上的价值评判,是立法者进行价值选择的结果,而不是从自然角度观察的行为过程的完成,因而犯罪已经既遂但行为尚未终了、或虽行为终了但行为人还要实施其他犯罪行为便成为通常的情况。此时,刑法规范当然得发挥其对法益的动态保护机能,使受侵害之法益尽早脱离行为人之掌控或避免它种法益受到侵害或威胁,由此便凸显运用刑法理论对纷繁复杂的事后行为给予恰当的刑法评价的理论和现实意义。     

未成年人犯罪成因及预防对策探析

未成年人犯罪成因主要有当代独生子女＂非宗族聚合＂的松散性、经济发展不平衡引起低层次劳动力流动、社会的应试教育体制弊端、集中化的未成年人犯罪司法程序特点。预防对策主要在于：加强和谐社会建设促进家庭教育实现社会化、改善不发达地区的经济条件而降低低层次劳动力流动频率、对未成年人进行儒学教育和法律教育、坚持在案件发生地审理未成年人犯罪案件原则以实现刑法教育与预防的社会功能等。     

我国亲属受贿罪的变迁

亲属受贿罪,始于唐律疏议第146条,即监临之官家人受贿。立法经历了五个阶段：汉晋南北朝,刑官不刑亲;隋唐两宋,刑亲重,刑官轻;元明清朝,刑亲趋重,刑官趋轻;清末废除亲属受贿刑法;历经百年,刑法修正案（七）恢复了亲属受贿刑法,刑亲不刑官。亲属受贿刑法的变迁,反映了我国刑法由专制主义向自由主义、由伦理法向现代法的历史进步;权力越大制约越强的清朝经验值得借鉴;废除亲属受贿刑法的教训值得深思。     

中日水污染刑事立法比较研究

相对日本完善的水污染刑事立法,我国对水污染犯罪仅作了原则性规定,不仅缺乏独立的罪名,而且具有处罚范围狭窄,刑事处罚不力等弊端,从而影响到对水污染犯罪的刑事制裁。借鉴日本经验,我国应在以下几个方面对水污染刑事立法加以完善：设置独立的水污染罪;规定故意和过失两种犯罪形态;明确水污染刑事制裁范围,并设置水污染罪危险犯;加大水污染犯罪的处罚力度并充分发挥罚金刑的作用。