一般进化的微观机制

一般进化在系统内微观子系统层次上的微观机制 ,是涨落单元内外部子系统之间互为因果循环的正反馈类型的相互作用。其本质特征 ,是双方之间作用的非对称性 ,表现为一方的属性支配着另一方属性的变化 ,另一方丧失自己原先的属性而以一方的属性为自己的新属性。这种相互作用同时具有协同和放大效应 ,从而使涨落单元由局部迅速放大到整体 ,而形成一个新的有序结构     

浅议信息革命对政府管理的影响

信息革命的兴起,对人类社会的各个方面都产生了重大而深刻的影响,政府管理随之将发生一系列重大变革,这些变革涉及政府管理职能、政府管理观念、政府管理手段、政府工作方式、政府管理价值取向、政府管理机构以及政府管理模式等各个方面。信息革命既对政府管理带来了重大影响和深刻变革,也给政府管理带来了负面效应。政府管理要适应信息革命潮流,把正面影响发挥到极致,把负面效应降低到最小。     

传统法律观念在现代中国法治建设中的作用

传统法律观念对现代法治的实现具有消极与积极两个方面的作用。在现代化法治建设中 ,应采用科学的方法 ,消除传统法律观念的消极因素 ,运用有力措施对传统法律观念的积极因素加以正确引导、改造并予以有效的利用 ,使它服务于现代法治 ,推动我国现代法治建设的进程     

信息内容可信度对消费者转基因食品接受程度的影响——以江苏省为例

深入研究外部信息传入特别是信息内容可信度对消费者转基因食品接受程度的影响对中国政府转基因科普宣传具有重要意义。利用江苏省消费者调查数据,定量研究信息内容可信度等因素对消费者转基因食品接受程度的影响,具体来说,定量研究积极属性信息内容和消极属性信息内容对不同风险人群(所有样本、低风险人群、高风险人群)转基因食品接受程度的影响。研究结果表明,外部信息传入更容易影响低风险人群对转基因食品的接受程度。积极属性和消极属性信息内容可信度分别显著正向和负向影响低风险人群对转基因食品的接受程度,且前者的作用较大。积极属性信息内容可信度对高风险人群转基因食品接受程度的影响较弱,而消极属性信息内容可信度对高风险人群几乎没有影响。     

Substance‐dependent women becoming mothers: breaking the cycle of adverse childhood experiences

Parenting may be particularly challenging for substance‐dependent mothers who have grown up with parents who themselves had substance use disorders (SUDs). The aim of this study was to explore how substance‐dependent mothers describe their childhood experiences with substance‐abusing parents and the association between these earlier experiences and their own role as caregivers. Using purposeful sampling, mothers admitted for 1 year to a family ward at a substance abuse clinic were approached. Through in‐depth, qualitative interviews, nine substance‐dependent mothers described their lives in the form of present, past and future tense. The findings indicate that substance‐dependent women, who have experienced SUDs in their families of origin, face several major challenges when they become mothers. Some describe having lived their whole lives ‘on the edge of society'. This makes their rehabilitation process more complex. All mothers work to abstain from substances, process traumatic experiences and integrate their family into society. They need help to build supportive social networks and to establish a safe and predictable family environment for themselves and their children. The therapeutic implications of these findings will be discussed.     

Applying a Positive Youth Development Perspective to Observation of Bereavement Camps for Children and Adolescents

A positive youth development perspective focuses on recognizing psychosocial strengths and providing social environments that contribute to the development of these in children and adolescents. Bereavement camps can provide such an environment as they help children cope with the death of someone close. The purpose of this study was to observe bereavement camps through the lens of positive youth development to determine the applicability of the eight features of positive developmental settings for describing bereavement camps (safety, appropriate structure, supportive relationships, opportunities to belong, positive norms, support for efficacy, skill building opportunities, integration of family and community). Observational notes were recorded by researchers during on-site visits to three different weekend bereavement camps. Results identified how each element of positive developmental settings was exemplified in either typical camp activities or bereavement-focused activities. For example, assigning campers to cabin groups based on age and gender provided opportunities to belong, and giving campers a comfort object and a big buddy provided supportive relationships. Findings were used to create a positive developmental settings observation checklist for use by bereavement camp practitioners to assess the extent to which each camp provides the requisite elements for promoting positive youth development.     

Positive Identity Experiences of Young Bisexual and Other Nonmonosexual People: A Qualitative Inquiry

The majority of LGBTQ psychological research focuses on dysfunction. The exclusion of strengths-based perspectives in LGBTQ psychology limits the understanding of LGBTQ mental health. In this article we report experiences that young bisexual and other nonmonosexual people perceive as affirming of their sexual identity. A 28-day, daily diary study was used to investigate whether bisexual-identified participants encountered positive experiences related to their sexual identity, and which type of experiences they perceived to be positive. Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, participants’ experiences were organized according to a social ecological model. Experiences were reported at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and institutional levels, but most positive sexual identity experiences occurred at the interpersonal level. Implications for positive health outcome research and the integration of positive psychology with LGBTQ psychology are discussed, as well as study limitations.     

Afterschool programs that support homeless youth: igniting hope and opportunities in the midst of trauma,uncertainty, and displacement

Across the United States, many afterschool and out-of-school time programs are making constructive and lasting impacts on the lives of homeless children and youth by providing expanded learning opportunities and positive youth development outcomes in a safe space. In this brief, we profile two youth-serving organizations and the After School Division of the California Department of Education to illustrate how afterschool programs can be part of the solution for homeless children and youth. Staff from these organizations shared their practices, successes, challenges, and lessons learned. Most importantly, they shared a message of hope and a vision for what is possible in the midst of trauma, uncertainty, and displacement.     

论建立大学生村官长效机制的政策导向

目前学术界对大学生村官计划的利弊得失尚未形成共识.从大学生村官计划的初衷和理论逻辑来看,其积极意义是不容置疑的,但现行的政策导向属于反向激励和短期激励,不利于建立大学生村官长效机制.正确的政策导向应当是:加强对大学生村官计划的正向激励和长期激励,从工业反哺农业、城市支持农村、统筹城乡关系的战略高度加大对大学生村官计划的经费投入,可以借鉴复员退伍军人安置制度和国家、省部级等课题规划制度对大学生村官给予经费支持;推行大学生村官村民“合同制”和任职年限弹性制度,鼓励永久任职,大学生村官配额应重点向老、少、边、贫农村地区倾斜.