内外双向因素与搭便车行为：社会网络的调节作用

研究个人社会网络对个体决策行为的影响能够提高搭便车行为的控制效果.基于损失厌恶理论和羊群效应理论构建分析框架,引入信息公开和信息封闭两种信息条件,研究社会网络对搭便车行为的直接影响和调节作用.通过z-tree软件和调查问卷收集个人信息,运用非参数检验、描述性统计分析等统计方法,对249份样本数据进行实证分析.研究结果表明,两种信息条件下的搭便车行为存在显著差异,在信息公开条件下,社会网络对搭便车行为有直接作用,社会网络不仅对性别、博弈论知识、收入水平、年龄和受教育年限与搭便车行为的关系有显著的调节作用,而且对投资收益率和罚金比率的调节作用也较为显著;在信息封闭条件下,社会网络对搭便车行为的直接作用不显著,且社会网络仅对年龄和收入水平与搭便车行为关系的调节作用显著.将信息结合传统的奖惩机制来控制搭便车行为将更有效.     

The Effects of Multiple-Tact and Receptive-Discrimination Training on the Acquisition of Intraverbal Behavior

The purpose of this study was to determine whether multiple-tact training and receptive-discrimination training could be used to teach thematically related vocal intraverbals to typically developing preschool children. Multiple-tact training involved teaching a child to name both the item and the category to which the item belonged. Receptive-discrimination training consisted of teaching a child to select a picture card in the presence of a question from the experimenter regarding the item or its category. When neither of these strategies resulted in substantial increases in intraverbal responses, a typical intraverbal training protocol using tact prompts was implemented. Six typically developing children participated in the study. A multiple-baseline design across word categories was used to evaluate the effects of the three training procedures. Results indicated that both multiple-tact and receptive-discrimination training had minimal effects on the strength of the intraverbal repertoire, whereas direct intraverbal training had a more substantial effect. The results provide some evidence of the functional independence of verbal operants, as well as the independence of listener and speaker repertoires. Receptive-discrimination and multiple-tact training may have facilitated acquisition of intraverbals; however, further research is needed to assess how these repertoires might interact with each other.     

汉语视觉行为动词语法化分析

视觉行为动词是对人类视觉行为的状态、过程和结果等进行描述的动词。视觉行为动词的语法化具有渐变性,在词义的"虚化"程度上存在着差别。语法化现象比较典型的是"看""见""望""相"四个。通过比较分析发现,由于语义特征方面的不同,它们在语法化的动因和过程中均存在一定差异。     

Optimal Retail Return Policies with Wardrobing

Many retailers offer refunds to consumers who, after a trial period, return a product that they find does not fit their needs. Some consumers are willing to use this return option opportunistically for short‐term consumption rather than its intended purpose of resolving fit uncertainty. Such behavior has been termed “wardrobing.” Restocking fees (partial refunds) can be used to combat wardrobing. However, there is a trade‐off involved, since partial refunds will be viewed negatively by consumers who return an item due to a true lack of fit. In this study, we consider how the extent of wardrobing (how many consumers consider such behavior) and the benefit of wardrobing (how much value can be extracted during the trial) impact firm pricing decisions and profits in this retail context. Our results imply that an increase in the extent of wardrobing is most detrimental to profits when the current extent of wardrobing is low. On the contrary, if the extent of wardrobing is already very high, and the benefit of wardrobing to consumers is also high, the retailer can set prices and refunds such that additional wardrobing actually increases firm profits. In a model extension, we show how a retailer can effectively screen wardrobers from ordinary consumers by offering a menu of price/refund pairs, and that such an approach can lead to increased profits if the extent of wardrobing is sufficiently high. Overall, our findings provide new insights into how retailers can set prices and refund policies to effectively manage opportunistic behavior by consumers.     

试析社会地位在言语行为中的映射

语言是社会的产物,社会又是由处于不同社会地位的人所构成的。日常生活中,由于交流对象所处社会地位的不同,人们所使用的语言也会有所差异。通过运用＂拉氏变异模式＂对处于不同社会地位的人及其言语行为进行了分析,揭示了社会地位和言语行为之间紧密相联、相互影响的关系,为人们在交流中如何更好地运用语言提供了参考。     

Expanding Vocal Requesting Repertoires via Relational Responding in Adults with Severe Developmental Disabilities

The purpose of this project was to demonstrate untrained vocal requests in three adults with severe developmental disabilities. Specifically, we evaluated whether a history of reinforced relational responding would give rise to untrained vocal requests for novel items. Participants were first taught to request preferred items using their category names. They were then taught conditional discriminations between pictures of preferred items that were categorically related. Finally, participants were tested for their abilities to request items that had not been originally presented during request training, using their category names. All participants demonstrated untrained requests, and for some participants, changes in the mand repertoire were accompanied by changes in the tact repertoire. Some participants also showed generalization of skills across settings.     

Public Sexual Cultures: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research Investigating Men's Sexual Behaviors with Men in Public Spaces

Resurgent HIV and sexually transmitted infection incidence among men who have sex with men (MSM) requires an urgent re-examination of sexual transmission sites. To these ends, we systematically review qualitative literature concerning men's sexual behaviors within public sex environments (PSEs). Sex, therein, is negotiated by the highly codified, largely nonverbal practice of “cruising.” A generic, shared PSE sexual culture emerges from the literature—across locations, countries, and decades—because of the importance of concealment and common structural constraints on sexual encounters in PSEs. However, differences in local geography and facilities may transform key features of this, resulting in specific, local sexual cultures emerging for each locale. We argue that, although sexual cultures developed to minimize nonsexual cruising risks, they may be exploited to improve contemporary in situ outreach work.     

《反不正当竞争法》适用范围问题的反思

在<反不正当竞争法>适用范围问题上,本文认为,无论是从现实角度,还是从理论层面看,从主体角度界定反不正当竞争适用范围存在着难题,合理的做法是排除主体因素而径直以行为角度确定     

老年人出行选择行为影响因素研究

研究老年人出行选择行为影响因素,有利于提高城市交通系统对老龄化社会的适应性。根据北京市居民出行调查数据,利用非集计理论和方法构建的老年人出行选择行为模型,可从源头上分析影响老年人出行选择行为的个人、家庭社会经济背景等因素,并对老年人出行选择行为进行预测。研究结果表明:性别,年龄,是否持有驾照、月票,家庭月收入,家庭交通工具拥有情况等对老年人出行选择行为有显著影响;利用模型估计得到的参数计算事件发生比,可进一步了解各影响因素对老年人出行选择行为的影响程度。     

中国古代小说“传情为态”的写人技法

中国古代小说善于将人物内在难以捉摸的"情"传示为有迹可寻的"态",在描写情绪发作时,常添加修饰性的伴声体态语,突显人物情绪爆发状态;其次是夸说因情绪波动而造成的生理性条件反射体态;此外还多依据特定的文化规则,来追摄"七情"波动引发的两极性的"笑"貌和"哭"相,这些表情追摄有助于人物的道德增值、悲剧营造、神情传达,并能绘形绘声地给读者以直观感、画面感。