Optimal Retail Return Policies with Wardrobing

Many retailers offer refunds to consumers who, after a trial period, return a product that they find does not fit their needs. Some consumers are willing to use this return option opportunistically for short‐term consumption rather than its intended purpose of resolving fit uncertainty. Such behavior has been termed “wardrobing.” Restocking fees (partial refunds) can be used to combat wardrobing. However, there is a trade‐off involved, since partial refunds will be viewed negatively by consumers who return an item due to a true lack of fit. In this study, we consider how the extent of wardrobing (how many consumers consider such behavior) and the benefit of wardrobing (how much value can be extracted during the trial) impact firm pricing decisions and profits in this retail context. Our results imply that an increase in the extent of wardrobing is most detrimental to profits when the current extent of wardrobing is low. On the contrary, if the extent of wardrobing is already very high, and the benefit of wardrobing to consumers is also high, the retailer can set prices and refunds such that additional wardrobing actually increases firm profits. In a model extension, we show how a retailer can effectively screen wardrobers from ordinary consumers by offering a menu of price/refund pairs, and that such an approach can lead to increased profits if the extent of wardrobing is sufficiently high. Overall, our findings provide new insights into how retailers can set prices and refund policies to effectively manage opportunistic behavior by consumers.     

试析社会地位在言语行为中的映射

语言是社会的产物,社会又是由处于不同社会地位的人所构成的。日常生活中,由于交流对象所处社会地位的不同,人们所使用的语言也会有所差异。通过运用＂拉氏变异模式＂对处于不同社会地位的人及其言语行为进行了分析,揭示了社会地位和言语行为之间紧密相联、相互影响的关系,为人们在交流中如何更好地运用语言提供了参考。     

Expanding Vocal Requesting Repertoires via Relational Responding in Adults with Severe Developmental Disabilities

The purpose of this project was to demonstrate untrained vocal requests in three adults with severe developmental disabilities. Specifically, we evaluated whether a history of reinforced relational responding would give rise to untrained vocal requests for novel items. Participants were first taught to request preferred items using their category names. They were then taught conditional discriminations between pictures of preferred items that were categorically related. Finally, participants were tested for their abilities to request items that had not been originally presented during request training, using their category names. All participants demonstrated untrained requests, and for some participants, changes in the mand repertoire were accompanied by changes in the tact repertoire. Some participants also showed generalization of skills across settings.     

Public Sexual Cultures: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research Investigating Men's Sexual Behaviors with Men in Public Spaces

Resurgent HIV and sexually transmitted infection incidence among men who have sex with men (MSM) requires an urgent re-examination of sexual transmission sites. To these ends, we systematically review qualitative literature concerning men's sexual behaviors within public sex environments (PSEs). Sex, therein, is negotiated by the highly codified, largely nonverbal practice of “cruising.” A generic, shared PSE sexual culture emerges from the literature—across locations, countries, and decades—because of the importance of concealment and common structural constraints on sexual encounters in PSEs. However, differences in local geography and facilities may transform key features of this, resulting in specific, local sexual cultures emerging for each locale. We argue that, although sexual cultures developed to minimize nonsexual cruising risks, they may be exploited to improve contemporary in situ outreach work.     

《反不正当竞争法》适用范围问题的反思

在<反不正当竞争法>适用范围问题上,本文认为,无论是从现实角度,还是从理论层面看,从主体角度界定反不正当竞争适用范围存在着难题,合理的做法是排除主体因素而径直以行为角度确定     

老年人出行选择行为影响因素研究

研究老年人出行选择行为影响因素,有利于提高城市交通系统对老龄化社会的适应性。根据北京市居民出行调查数据,利用非集计理论和方法构建的老年人出行选择行为模型,可从源头上分析影响老年人出行选择行为的个人、家庭社会经济背景等因素,并对老年人出行选择行为进行预测。研究结果表明:性别,年龄,是否持有驾照、月票,家庭月收入,家庭交通工具拥有情况等对老年人出行选择行为有显著影响;利用模型估计得到的参数计算事件发生比,可进一步了解各影响因素对老年人出行选择行为的影响程度。     

中国古代小说“传情为态”的写人技法

中国古代小说善于将人物内在难以捉摸的"情"传示为有迹可寻的"态",在描写情绪发作时,常添加修饰性的伴声体态语,突显人物情绪爆发状态;其次是夸说因情绪波动而造成的生理性条件反射体态;此外还多依据特定的文化规则,来追摄"七情"波动引发的两极性的"笑"貌和"哭"相,这些表情追摄有助于人物的道德增值、悲剧营造、神情传达,并能绘形绘声地给读者以直观感、画面感。     

在学生管理中借鉴动物行为的探究

寻找一种合理有效的学生管理方法，一直是各高校教育管理中的核心问题。在人类熟知而又陌生的动物王国里，存在着一些有益于改善一个组织的奇特行为。根据一些动物行为和习性的研究结果，结合学生管理中的实际情况，这些动物行为对学生的目标管理、团队管理和奉献精神培养是很有启发的，可以用来指导我们的相关工作。     

临床评估中的文化偏向与行为一致性问题

文化和种族因素在临床评估中发挥着重要作用。建立于对白种人群研究基础上的评估技术在用于非白人患者时可能是不准确的，也可能导致，临床工作者缩小或夸大对其他文化群体成员的心理问题。认识到该问题的重要性，临床工作者可以用不同方法去防止评估中文化偏向的消极影响。此外，人类行为在各种情境中是否具有稳定性是一个引起人们激烈争论的问题。传统的人格理论家认为，行为在不同情境中更加具有稳定性；而学习范式理论家认为，行为在各种不同情境中更加具有可变性。     

Sexual Orientation and Sexual Health Care Needs: A Comparison of Women Beneficiaries in Outpatient Military Health Care Settings

ABSTRACT

The objectives of this study are to compare the sexual concerns, interest and experiences in discussing these concerns with their doctor for women of “Only Men” and “Some to Only Women” sexual orientation. A survey was mailed to women patients from two military outpatient settings, with 1,196 women responding. Of eligible respondents (N = 1,170), 90% reported “Only Men” and 10% reported “Some to Only Women” sexual orientation. Sexual concerns varied by sexual orientation, while interest and experience in discussing sexual concerns and desire for physicians to initiate the topic differed minimally. Women with “Some to Only Women” sexual orientation have both similar and differing sexual concerns compared to “male-only” oriented women. Larger primary care patient-based studies of sexual health care needs of sexual minorities are needed.