广州方言底层词"栏"与"墟

广州方言中的底层词,除保留在地名和口语中之外,有的既是口语词,同时又是构成地名的词语,本文所讨论的"栏"与"墟"就是这一类词语。通过对它们在广州方言中的留存、变异以及衍生出来的系列词语的考察,不仅可以探索它们从少数民族语言进入到汉语的过程,更能深入地了解粤语与少数民族语言的关系,而且对认识社会经济的发展给词义演变所带来的影响,也是有意义的。     

《助语辞》的语法价值

《助语辞》①是我国第一部专释虚字的专著。它虽是一部训诂著作,但总结了汉代以来训诂学家对虚字的研究成果,触及到了某些语法问题。本文认为,作者卢以纬已有了初步的比较语法学思想并将其运用于自己的训诂实践,取得了一定的成就;重视对多音节虚字的阐释是其一大特色;对句子或句间的语义结构关系也有所阐发;尤其是他对于虚字辞气的审定,则直接影响了后世,特别是《马氏文通》的辞气理论。     

论流行语语义的不确定性及其原因

流行语具有内容上的新颖性、使用上的高频性、结构上的类推性、运用上的时段性、语用上的醒目性等特征。这些特征反映在语义上,就是流行语语义的不确定性。同时讨论了导致流行语语义不确定性的原因。     

A structured framework for assessing sensitivity to missing data assumptions in longitudinal clinical trials

The objective of this research was to demonstrate a framework for drawing inference from sensitivity analyses of incomplete longitudinal clinical trial data via a re‐analysis of data from a confirmatory clinical trial in depression. A likelihood‐based approach that assumed missing at random (MAR) was the primary analysis. Robustness to departure from MAR was assessed by comparing the primary result to those from a series of analyses that employed varying missing not at random (MNAR) assumptions (selection models, pattern mixture models and shared parameter models) and to MAR methods that used inclusive models. The key sensitivity analysis used multiple imputation assuming that after dropout the trajectory of drug‐treated patients was that of placebo treated patients with a similar outcome history (placebo multiple imputation). This result was used as the worst reasonable case to define the lower limit of plausible values for the treatment contrast. The endpoint contrast from the primary analysis was ? 2.79 (p = .013). In placebo multiple imputation, the result was ? 2.17. Results from the other sensitivity analyses ranged from ? 2.21 to ? 3.87 and were symmetrically distributed around the primary result. Hence, no clear evidence of bias from missing not at random data was found. In the worst reasonable case scenario, the treatment effect was 80% of the magnitude of the primary result. Therefore, it was concluded that a treatment effect existed. The structured sensitivity framework of using a worst reasonable case result based on a controlled imputation approach with transparent and debatable assumptions supplemented a series of plausible alternative models under varying assumptions was useful in this specific situation and holds promise as a generally useful framework. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Robust inference from multiple test statistics via permutations: a better alternative to the single test statistic approach for randomized trials

Formal inference in randomized clinical trials is based on controlling the type I error rate associated with a single pre‐specified statistic. The deficiency of using just one method of analysis is that it depends on assumptions that may not be met. For robust inference, we propose pre‐specifying multiple test statistics and relying on the minimum p‐value for testing the null hypothesis of no treatment effect. The null hypothesis associated with the various test statistics is that the treatment groups are indistinguishable. The critical value for hypothesis testing comes from permutation distributions. Rejection of the null hypothesis when the smallest p‐value is less than the critical value controls the type I error rate at its designated value. Even if one of the candidate test statistics has low power, the adverse effect on the power of the minimum p‐value statistic is not much. Its use is illustrated with examples. We conclude that it is better to rely on the minimum p‐value rather than a single statistic particularly when that single statistic is the logrank test, because of the cost and complexity of many survival trials. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

日语“空间性状”的时间映射制约研究

日语空间性状的时间映射具有局部映射性和选择性，映射具有负向语义选择偏好；形成“水平线性空间>垂直线性空间>立体三维空间”维度制约等级。上述制约特质是时空隐喻概念相似性与语言类型特质共同驱动促成的。概念相似性是其内在驱动力，相似者易于映射，反之则受制约性强；日语的时间性特质是其负向语义选择偏好的外在驱动力。     

The role of reflexive thought in the achievement of intercultural competence

ABSTRACT

Reflexivity refers to the capacity for individuals to understand the cultural system and manage their own position within it. Reflexivity is a key concept in the understanding of intercultural communication, particularly in recognising the ability for individuals to understand and adapt to new cultural contexts. However, the prevailing methods used in intercultural communication (namely that of intercultural competencies) do not place a great emphasis on the role of reflexivity in achieving cultural adaptation. In this paper, I argue for the central positioning of the concept of reflexivity in intercultural education as a mechanism which mediates between intercultural experiences and individual behaviour. I present evidence of the reflexive sequence (subject-object-subject) from the reflections of a cohort of students (n = 19). Finally, I suggest a pedagogical instrument (a heuristic) for empirically exploring reflexivity in intercultural communication.     

趋向动词“过来”、“过去”的语义分析与意象图式建构

使用归纳法、演绎法、对比分析法、图像法等对趋向动词“过来”、“过去”单独做谓语的情况展开认知分析。通过对“过来”、“过去”的语义分析与意象图式建构最终得出以下结论：“过来”、“过去”的语义并非完全对称，“过来”包括空间位移语义、时间位移语义和状态位移语义，而“过去”包括空间位移语义一、空间位移语义二、时间位移语义、状态位移语义和事件位移语义。     

The Semantic Web and the BIBFRAME Initiative

The implementation of the semantic web based on linked data principles represents a movement toward transforming the World Wide Web into a database of linked resources, where data may be widely reused and shared. Web services can be enhanced by drawing on semantically aware data made available by a variety of providers. The Bibliographic Framework (BIBFRAME) Initiative seeks to expose rich library metadata to the semantic web, configured so that semantic data from other sources can be incorporated in meeting library user needs.     

Spatial approaches to social work – theoretical foundations and implications for practice and research

ABSTRACT

Spatial approaches have inspired and grounded the social sciences and social geography already for a longer time. Beyond these models, the theory discourse on social work developed innovative concepts and models of socio-spatial approaches. They set a special focus on aspects of individual and social development, the concept of acquirement and emancipatory approaches to spatial design. For interventions, special methods for socio-spatial analyses were developed. This article reflects the main approaches of this theory discourse and asks for its key implications for social work practice and research.