浅谈整合视野下医学生宽恕心理教育研究

自20世纪90年代以来,宽恕心理日益受到我国研究者的关注?文章对宽恕的概念进行了界定,对我国大学生宽恕心理已有的研究成果进行梳理与分析,提出了医学生宽恕心理研究的一些不足和相应的研究展望,初步探讨了宽恕教育对医学生身心健康的价值,并提出对医学生进行宽恕教育的方法?     

Economic distress and health: A fixed effects analysis of low‐income persons in Singapore

Using fixed effects regressions, this study examined the transactional effects of different types of economic status on the physical and mental health of low‐income persons in Singapore. Among the economic variables considered, unemployment and arrears had the most significant effects. This signals the physical and psychological distress of being out of work and possessing arrears while income is low. The insignificant effects of poor health on household earnings suggest possible earnings supplementation by other household members. The findings imply the fruitfulness of dually improving employment prospects and health, work activation that takes into consideration mental health effects, increasing affordability of health services in liberal welfare systems, improving mental bandwidth through reducing arrears accounts, and short lag time from application to receipt of assistance. These implications point to a larger question on health and welfare systems in an increasingly uncertain economic environment for households in poverty. Key Practitioner Message: ? Employment and health are inter‐related: employment assistance incorporating physical and mental health interventions and vice versa can be more effective than either alone; ? Compared with decreasing arrears amounts, reducing the number of arrears can more effectively relieve mental distress; ? Effects between economic distress and health materialise quickly; minimising the lag time between application and receipt of assistance will provide great relief.     

家庭教养方式与幼儿心理健康的关系研究

采用儿童长处与困难问卷（Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire）、教养方式与维度问卷（Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire）及自编幼儿及家庭调查问卷,调查陕西省幼儿心理健康水平及其家庭教养方式的现状,继而探究家庭教养方式与幼儿心理健康状况之间的关联性,为预防和减少幼儿心理问题的发生,促进早期家庭养育指导提供实证依据。结果表明：家庭教养方式是幼儿心理健康水平的重要预测因素,专制型、放任型教养方式与幼儿心理风险增加相关,权威型教养方式与幼儿心理风险降低相关。建议：重视西部地区幼儿的心理健康发展,善用权威教养弱化专制教养,同时加强对家长教养方式的早期指导与干预。     

Return to work among employees with mental health problems: Development and validation of a self-efficacy questionnaire

Abstract

Because of the costs to both the organization and the individual, it is important that employees who are sick-listed with mental health problems are facilitated in their return to work (RTW). In order to provide adequate interventions, it is necessary to obtain a better understanding of the RTW process of people with mental health problems. Work-related self-efficacy (SE) might play a key role within this process. This paper describes the development and validation of the return-to-work self-efficacy’ scale (RTW-SE) for employees with mental health problems. Three Dutch samples of sick-listed employees were used to validate the 11-item instrument (N=2214). Based on the factor structure and reliability results, RTW-SE was conceptualized as a unitary construct. The associations with general SE, locus of control, coping, physical workload and mental health problems support the construct validity of this scale. Most importantly, RTW-SE proved to be a robust predictor of actual return to work within three months. The encouraging preliminary psychometric properties of the scale make it a potentially valuable tool in research and in clinical practice and occupational health care settings, both before and after employees have returned to work.     

Job demands,job control,and mental health in an 11-year follow-up study: Normal and reversed relationships

Abstract

Despite numerous studies of the demand-control model, there is a need for more longitudinal studies to test not only the normal, but also the reversed and reciprocal relationships between work characteristics and mental health. There is also a need for more studies of the multiplicative interaction between demands and control with respect to mental health, which is different from the simple additive effect of the two variables. This is a longitudinal study with an exceptionally long period of follow-up (11 years), with the focus on normal as well as reciprocal and reversed causality between work characteristics and mental health, as measured by reliable instruments close to the original definitions of Karasek. The study was based on a sample of 439 Norwegian employees of different occupations who had stayed in the same profession during the follow-up period. The results were in agreement with the hypothesis that low job control, and in particular low control in combination with high demands (“high strain jobs”), has a negative effect on mental health. There was a significant multiplicative interaction between demands and control, indicating a “buffering” effect of job control. Job demands alone were not significantly associated with mental health. The reversed relationship hypothesis was supported for job demands, but not for job control.     

Musculoskeletal discomfort and work-related stress in New Zealand dentists

Abstract

There has been little research into the stressors, psychological distress and musculoskeletal symptoms experienced by dentists. The present study was carried out among a random sample of New Zealand dentists (N=413). The present study aimed to identify the severity of work psychosocial stressors, examine the occurrence of musculoskeletal discomfort and psychological disturbance, and determine relationships between these factors. The average age of the dentists was 43 years, with 74% being male. The annual prevalence of symptoms in both the lower back or neck was 63%, with 49% experiencing symptoms in the shoulders. Older dentists were no more likely to suffer musculoskeletal discomfort than younger dentists. The highest ranking dentistry-specific work-related stressor was ‘patients having a medical emergency’ with 78% scoring this stressor very highly. Dentists scored mental demands as the highest general work-related stressor. One-fifth of the dentists scored highly for psychological disturbance, which was very similar to the general population. Dentists with high scores for dentistry-specific work-related stressors were more likely to have evidence of psychological disturbance. The relationships between psychological disturbance and musculoskeletal discomfort needs to be taken into account when considering any multidisciplinary approach to prevention.     

论藏族社会中的藏传佛教仪式及其社会功能

仪式是“行动的宗教”在藏族社会中得到了集中体现。吸收了本教部分仪式的藏传佛教仪式对藏族个人和社会具有心理慰藉和社会整合功能,但也存在着需要进一步与社会主义社会相调适的方面。     

革命亲历者的历史体验与反思——论王蒙的“季节”系列小说

"季节系列"小说是王蒙对建国以来中国知识分子命运际遇、生命历程、历史意义的一次总结。他以亲历者的身份,经过多年的思索、沉淀,完成了当代知识分子命运的一次自我反思。"季节系列"小说对于历史的认知与体认不同于"伤痕"、"反思"文学的既定模式,王蒙不再将注意力放在历史现象的描摹与再现上,而是力求透过现象追问其背后的内在因缘,其深刻的意义在于因弥合了现象与本质之间的缝隙而成功实现了自我的超越与历史的超越。     

论"严打"与人权保障的关系——兼论刑事诉讼法的目的

惩罚犯罪与保障人权相结合是刑事诉讼法的目的所在。一方面 ,刑诉法为惩罚犯罪提供了重要工具 ;另一方面 ,刑诉法又是人权保障的重要法宝。在“严打”斗争中 ,只有打保并重 ,不忽视和偏重任何一面 ,就能实现刑诉法的目的 ,取得最好的“严打”效果     

语境理论的新发展：社会认知途径——van Dijk的两部语境新著述评

语境研究过去主要遵循形式结构的研究范式,没有纳入认知、心理和社会的维度, van Dijk在语境理论方面的跨学科新探索改变了这一研究现状。首先揭示出目前语境研究存在的本质性问题,然后在此基础上,对van Dijk的社会认知模式的主要观点加以简要述评。van Dijk的两部语境新著,不仅完善了其话语分析的理论模式,同时也将进一步促成批评认知语言学这一分支学科的产生。